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Stockage, Technique et Finalité : Interroger le Terme « Prod » et Ses Réalités

Les nouveaux modes de consommation audiovisuelle transforment profondément un métier en constante évolution : la production. De nos jours, les éléments visuels forts accompagnent la musique afin de capter l’attention du public abonné sur les plateformes de distribution. Dans un contexte où les tendances sont dominées par des plateformes comme YouTube, TikTok et Instagram, il est vital de fusionner plusieurs axes de création avec le son, surtout la vidéo. Pour qu’une prod soit efficace, elle doit se fondre dans un contenu visuel attrayant et engageant, tout en offrant une place à la musique et à la bande-son pour s’exprimer. Établir un équilibre entre identité sonore et impact visuel est essentiel pour créer une expérience immersive qui retienne l’attention et suscite l’émotion du spectateur.

Associations et Réseaux

Analyser les Avantages d’une Collaboration en Équipe

La coopération entre artistes et producteurs est essentielle pour la mise en place de projets ambitieux et pour garantir une communication efficace avec les clients, surtout dans des secteurs où la transparence et la crédibilité sont clés.

Élever l’Importance des Partenariats

La synergie en collaboration, que ce soit dans un cadre artistique ou entrepreneurial, accroît notre potentiel d’innovation et notre réactivité face aux demandes du marché.

Recueillir des Données pour Élever la Production

Évaluer l’Efficacité des Stratégies Conçues

Les producteurs qui savent exploiter les données efficacement peuvent ajuster leurs ressources, optimiser le stockage et assurer la finalité de leur projet.

Chez emediaprod, nous combinons le meilleur de la créativité et de la technologie pour réaliser des projets audiovisuels qui captivent et engagent le public moderne.

Exploiter les Informations Nécessaires pour Éclairer les Décisions

Les statistiques sont essentielles pour comprendre les habitudes des consommateurs, prévoir les tendances et adapter les stratégies en conséquence.

L’exploration des données soutient l’optimisation des choix dans le domaine de la production.

Identifier le Rôle et la Finalité du Producteur

Établir les Rôles Essentiels et les Données Importantes

Pour que la finalité du projet soit atteinte, le producteur doit s’occuper de la gestion des ressources, de l’optimisation du stockage des matériaux et de la mise en œuvre des techniques appropriées. Une gestion stratégique et une communication efficace sont essentielles dans son rôle.

La supply chain, la gestion de production et l’industrie culturelle sont des domaines où l’on utilise souvent le terme « prod ». Dans le cadre d’un projet, qu’il s’agisse d’un spectacle, d’une production audiovisuelle ou d’une chaîne logistique, un producteur a un rôle clé à jouer.

Repérer les Compétences Techniques Clés

La capacité à maîtriser les aspects techniques de la création audiovisuelle, à comprendre les statistiques de marché et à s’adapter aux préférences des artistes, entreprises ou clients est primordiale pour un bon producteur. Pour satisfaire les exigences spécifiques du domaine, il est primordial d’adopter une approche technologique et opérationnelle.

Les Technologies

Rechercher les Solutions Modernes Utilisées par les Organisations

Les outils de gestion contemporains permettent d’optimiser le stockage ainsi que la logistique. Les entreprises, les artistes et les producteurs trouvent également un soutien dans la structuration de leur communication grâce aux solutions numériques.

Il est indéniable que l’évolution des technologies influence positivement les processus de production.

Examiner les Répercussions des Innovations Technologiques

Les technologies avancées fournissent des moyens efficaces pour améliorer la finalité d’un projet. Grâce à l’intégration d’outils analytiques, il est possible d’exploiter des statistiques en temps réel pour optimiser les coûts et les délais.

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#大问题缺乏自控怎么破

Retranscription des paroles de la vidéo: Hello everyone, welcome to the Big Question Program. I am the host of Robot Mr. Xia No. 1. The big question to be discussed in this episode is how to overcome the inability to control oneself (akarasia)? The so-called inability to control oneself in Greek is akrasia. In English it is usually translated as weakness of will. In Chinese it is usually translated as weakness of will. Weakness of will or lack of self-control or inability to control ourselves. In today’s program, we uniformly call this Chinese name “unable to control oneself”. In fact, this is what we The problem that most people face in their daily lives is that I can’t control myself. I know that doing A is better than doing B in theory, but for some reason , I just can’t control myself in action and do B. If it’s not an A , for example, you clearly know that the exam is coming next month and you should study hard today, but as you read this book, your hand couldn’t help but take out your phone and click on the short video software to watch the girl. The short video was scrolled and the whole day passed. At night, I wrote in my diary with great regret that I had been scrolling on my phone all day today and I had to study hard tomorrow. As a result, I still wrote in my diary the next day. You have been scrolling on your phone all day today , and let’s say you know that you are already a little obese, and your blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood sugar are very high. You know that you should eat less sweets. You know more about this medical knowledge than anyone else . You are even a doctor yourself. Or a nutritionist , but when it comes to sweets, you just can’t control your mouth. Once you eat sweets, you can’t stop. The situation caused by this inability to control yourself is that we know more principles than anyone else. We all understand. However, we understand. It is a very common phenomenon in our daily life to understand so many principles but still not live a good life . We know what is good but just can’t do it. We know we should quit smoking but we are weak-willed and can’t quit even though we know it. I should break up with that scumbag , but he sent me a text message asking for forgiveness, and I found myself waking up at his house again the next day. I knew I had to serve my parents well when I returned to my hometown during the Chinese New Year , but I ended up lying in bed as soon as I returned home, etc., etc., including this big problem of ours. In fact, the program started preparing to write this « cannot control » topic two months ago. I knew that the audience was urging me to update more, and I knew that I should speed up the update process. Every time I updated the program, I gained a wave of followers. As a result, about  » « I can’t control myself. » The production of the big problem also fell into the situation of being unable to control myself. After writing two paragraphs, I started doing this here and there and I don’t know what I did. In the end, it took me two months to complete this program. Then we were so regretful that we couldn’t control ourselves and quickly ordered books such as « Willpower » and « Self-Control » online to find solutions . After buying the books, we read the first two pages and couldn’t control ourselves to play. It’s really annoying to be in such a situation where I can’t control my cell phone. What you are saying is that if I am stupid or killed by external factors, then I will die if I die. I don’t have that ability or If we don’t have that fate , we will accept it. But you said that if I have that ability and if I implement it according to this ability, this thing can be done. But I just don’t do it . In the end, I will be too lazy to die. You said that this way of death is really too embarrassing. I hate myself. I really want to save myself and then beat myself to death on the spot. So when it comes to this, let me limit the scope of our discussion today. Today we only discuss situations where there is no one to stop me and there is no illness or disaster. So today we will not discuss the situation where you are unable to control yourself when there is external interference. The second one is not going to discuss those situations where you are unable to control yourself due to obvious pathological reasons. For example, if you have an epileptic seizure. If you can’t control yourself , we won’t discuss this situation today. Please dial 120 and someone will tell you how to improve your self-control. This problem is not a big problem. It is a small problem of specific operations. You can find someone to improve your self-control. Isn’t it a step-by-step operation manual? The reason why this question is not just a best-seller on airport psychology is because it involves the question of what we ourselves are. Are we fundamentally rational or are we ourselves ignorant? What about the little monkey who knows himself and therefore cannot control himself? Can knowledge influence our actions? Can you do it if you know it? If so, how can we explain the phenomena in the world that we know but do not do? If not, then do we still need to know the truth? This problem is actually the problem that our Confucians talk about: knowing but not doing, or the separation of knowledge and action. Our Confucianism has also emphasized overcoming this inability to control ourselves and achieving the unity of knowledge and action since ancient times . So how do we overcome the inability to control ourselves and achieve the unity of knowledge and action? Regarding this big problem, this episode invited five philosophers to diagnose the cause of the problem of inability to control themselves and to prescribe medicine based on their diagnosis. Therefore, this episode is an expert consultation. These five doctors respectively advise you to learn. The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates advocated becoming a philosopher. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato advocated cultivating habits. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle advocated being emotional. The Scottish philosopher David. Hume and the Austrian psychologist Freud who advocated psychoanalysis. Finally, can you comment on which expert’s plan is more reasonable in this expert consultation? Okay, now let’s go to the main part of the consultation. First, let’s invite the first doctor, the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, to appear. The first three doctors to appear are master and disciple Sun, who are also the famous three sages of ancient Greece: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle and Socrates were Plato’s teachers. Plato was Aristotle’s teacher. It can be said that these three people laid the foundation for Western philosophy during the Axial Age of human civilization. Let’s first listen to ancient Greece. Socrates , the first of the three sages , diagnosed the cause of the inability to control himself. Socrates diagnosed the cause of the inability to control himself, that is, he knew it but was unable to do it. He diagnosed it as ignorance , that is, when you say you know but fail to do it, it is actually because of you. We don’t really know. In the words of the Ming Dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming, “Those who don’t know but don’t do it are just unknown.” Of course, in the words of Socrates, “virtue is knowledge. No one intentionally does evil.” No one goes willingly toward the bad . What does it mean? That is to say, it is impossible for a person who truly knows and understands the truth to be in a situation where he knows but does not act and cannot control himself. For example, a person who truly knows that reading and studying is a good thing is impossible to learn at all. Sometimes you can’t help but check your mobile phone. If you know you can definitely do it, if you know it, you can do it. The so-called knowing but not doing it is actually due to your ignorance. It’s just that you don’t really know that reading and studying is good. Socrates adopted such a To demonstrate his point of view logically , that is, good means happiness. Happiness means good. If you think A is worth pursuing, one is because you know A is good, and the other is because A will make you happy. In Socrates’ view, one and two are Equivalent is the same thing . If you think A is good and worth pursuing , then A will definitely bring you happiness. Otherwise, you cannot think that A will make you unhappy. You will still think it is worth pursuing. Isn’t this logic contradictory? People will always do things that they think are happier, and happy things are good things. So people will always do things that they think are better. So if a person doesn’t do that really good thing, he will definitely do it. It’s because he doesn’t really know that something is good. In other words, knowing but not doing it is just because of ignorance. To put it simply , laziness and stupidity are the same thing here in Socrates. The reason why you are lazy is because you are stupid , you are lazy, you are stupid. It is as simple as that. Then you may not be able to accept Socrates’ view. I think good things are those that can lead Want something happy? I think reading and studying is good , but I feel uncomfortable when reading and studying. Instead, I feel happier when I watch short videos of young ladies. But I don’t think that watching short videos is a good thing worth pursuing, so this leads to my knowledge and behavior. If you are separated and unable to control yourself, then Socrates will tell you very forcefully that what is good is happiness, and what is happy is good. As for what you call the phenomenon of being unable to control yourself, it is not because the pursuit of happiness has defeated the pursuit of good. It’s because you don’t know what is good and you don’t have the correct knowledge about what is good. If you really know that reading and studying is good , then reading and studying will bring you happiness. Socrates and Wang Yangming are in the same position. Yangming said,  » « There is no one who knows but does not do it. » That is to say, it is impossible to have a situation where you know clearly but can’t do it . Knowing that you can definitely do it, knowing but not doing it, is just a lack of knowledge. Therefore, in the eyes of Socrates and Wang Yangming, people who cannot control themselves in a strict sense Phenomenon does not exist. The so-called knowledge but not action is a false question. This set of Socrates’ statements established a rationalistic ethics called ethical rationalism. So what is ethical rationalism? To put it simply, our practices, actions, and pursuit of a better life are based on knowledge and rationality. What kind of life is a good life has to be reasonable. You have to clarify it logically. Then you can pursue a better life correctly. Socrates’ view on the problem of being unable to control yourself is a very strong ethical rationalism. That is, if you really understand the truth, you can do it. Maybe some friends think that Socrates Di’s view is a bit counter-intuitive . Why does he have such strong confidence in knowledge and rationality? You can do it if you know it. Is knowledge really that powerful? Speaking of this, we have to mention the background of intellectual history. We must know that ancient Greek writers particularly advocated the power of knowledge and reason. They believed that the world is reasonable, and this reason can be understood through human reason, so a good life It is to use one’s own reason to understand the principles of the world. Therefore, the Greek literati’s worship of reason and knowledge reached a very incredible level. It was this worship of reason that gave birth to the birth of science in later generations. You must know that the Greek literati The incredible degree of worship of reason is abnormal from the perspective of other civilizations. Other civilizations live normally and are very pragmatic. However, these Greeks want to explore the nature of nature and the origin of the world. It is the unchanging essence behind the changes of all things , and these big issues must be discussed in a reasonable way. Isn’t it enough to support us? Later, the Romans came to rule Europe, and the Romans lived normally until the Renaissance . The Renaissance was Where do you want to revive? What is restored is the rational spirit of ancient Greece. From the later story, we know that modern science was born during the Renaissance. In fact, it cannot be said to have been born since ancient Greece . So we now live in an era of prosperous science. Do not think that this science , Rationality is a natural science and rationality is not normal. This is all caused by the ancient Greek literati who seemed to worship reason. After talking about this historical background of thought, we can probably understand why Socrates made such a strong ethical rationalism. He asserted that knowledge is so important in the eyes of Greek philosophers. If you really know it, you can really do it. You can’t know it because you don’t really know it. After talking about Socrates’ diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control himself, let’s introduce the prescription he prescribed. Since Socrates Even Grates doesn’t admit that there is a strict sense of being unable to control yourself. The so-called knowing but not doing is just because you don’t really know that the so-called laziness is stupidity. So how to treat your own laziness cancer? That is to improve our knowledge level. We still have to keep learning. When you become a person with a high level of knowledge, you can truly understand the principles you know. When you truly understand these principles, you can put these principles into practice. All actions are very easy and pleasant. Regarding how to overcome the inability to control the medicine, today we only talk about the concept and not the specific operation methods, that is, how to learn and how to improve one’s knowledge level, which are technically operational matters . I won’t go into details today, but some friends will ask. I’m watching this program just to know the specific methods of overcoming the inability to control myself. What’s the use of telling me your philosophy? It is still very important to know the concept. This is just like although a lot of information can be found through search engines now, and you don’t have to memorize it by rote , you must first know how to search, such as which keywords to search for and in which direction to search. So the same Understanding the concept of overcoming the inability to self-control is like letting us know how to search. For example, you first need to know that the concept of overcoming given by Socrates is to improve your own knowledge level. Then you will know how to search efficiently. Let’s talk about some technical aspects of knowledge. After introducing Socrates’ diagnosis and prescriptions, let’s invite the next doctor Plato to appear. We need to know what the three sages of ancient Greece , Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, actually are. All ethical rationalists believe that how we live a good life in action is based on reason and knowledge. Therefore, they all agree with Socrates’ assertion in a sense that knowing can do so-called It’s just that we don’t really know but do not know. However, the ethical rationalism Socrates put forward before is too strong and belongs to a kind of strong ethical rationalism. This kind of strong ethical rationalism is inevitably very counter-intuitive and counter-intuitive to us. The phenomena encountered in daily life are incompatible. Socrates simply did not admit that there is a phenomenon of knowing but not doing. But after all, in our real life, there is a phenomenon that we really know but can’t do. You Socrates can’t say  » « Knowing but not acting is just because you don’t really know » and you can just pass it by. Then Plato and Aristotle who are about to appear next, their work is to « save the phenomenon » and to use Socrates’ strong ethical rationality. Let’s first listen to Plato’s etiology diagnosis. Socrates believed that the reason why people want something is Because he knew theoretically that this thing was good, but Plato diluted this hard stance and added a more granular analysis. Plato believed that sometimes people want something that may have nothing to do with knowledge and reason, but just It’s out of desire. Speaking of this, we need to introduce the famous theory of three parts of the soul proposed by Plato. This three parts of the soul means that the human soul is composed of three parts: one is reason, the other is blood, or translated as passion and the third is passion. Desire , the rational part of the soul, is concerned with reasoning, that is, knowledge and reasoning. The blood part of the soul is concerned with honor , which means winning and being recognized by others in society, which is what we Chinese call face , or what we often say. Ruisi worships that the object of concern of this part of the soul is to make money and keep buying, buying, eating, playing, and pursuing a comfortable and happy life . Of course, Plato’s theory of three parts of the soul is in his The famous work « Utopia » proposes that this is also a work of political philosophy. According to Plato, the structure of the human soul and the political structure of the city-state are isomorphic. Philosophers are people whose souls are dominated by reason. They are the most knowledgeable and reasonable people who love wisdom and seek truth. Warriors and aristocrats are people whose souls are dominated by blood . They all emphasize honor, win, and have a sense of superiority. However, the biggest pursuit of the common people is to eat, drink, have fun, and buy. So how can we explain the problem of being unable to control ourselves according to this three-part soul ? That is, if your soul structure is dominated by reason, and reason dominates blood and desires , then this is a state of self-control. This is the soul structure of a philosopher. Then it corresponds to the city-state political system. This city-state is ruled by the most reasonable people. If a philosopher is the king , then this city-state with the most reasonable person as the king will achieve the best political structure, which is the utopia. But if it is the other way around, if the masses collude with the warrior class and in turn dominate the rational army, it will not be possible. Under the control of the Philosopher King, the city-state will be in trouble. This is reflected in the structure of the human soul, that is, desire colludes with blood and in turn dominates reason, making you know this truth rationally but unable to play its role. This makes you fall into You are in a situation where you cannot control yourself, that is, you clearly know rationally that you should study and study today, but your desire to watch short videos and watch young ladies makes your rationality fail. Plato also used another metaphor to illustrate the relationship between reason and desire. The relationship is that this reason is equivalent to the person driving the horse in the carriage, and the two horses in front of the carriage are equivalent to the blood and desire. When the blood and desire obey the command of the horse driver, the soul is in harmony. At this time, it is a situation of self-control . If the horse does not obey the command of the driver, then it means that the soul is not harmonious and will cause trouble, and it will appear that it cannot control itself. Finally, to summarize Plato’s diagnosis of the inability to control itself, it is when your reason is obscured by desire. The principles we knew failed and could not be put into action. After introducing the diagnosis of the disease given by Plato, it is time to prescribe the medicine. Since the cause of the inability to control is that desire colludes with blood and in turn dominates reason, then what should we do? To overcome the inability to self-control is to restore the dominant position of reason, which is to cultivate a philosopher-like soul structure. In short, how to overcome the inability to self-control is to become a philosopher. You must know that there is a strong sense of philosopher supremacy in Plato’s philosophy. Of course, this is also consistent with the ancient Greek literati’s neurotic worship of knowledge and reason that we talked about before . Since knowledge and reason are the best things in the world, then the most knowledgeable people in the world, that is, philosophers, are the best. Philosophers are good at everything. This kind of person is the wisest, the best, the happiest, and the best at getting along. This kind of person should be the king. As I said before, a city-state with the best person as king is the best city-state. The logic is very self-consistent. So for the best human philosopher, his desires are completely blocked by reason, and smart reason takes the high ground. He can completely control himself, and there will definitely be no problem of being unable to control himself . So how to cultivate a person? What about philosophers? In Plato’s view, children from ordinary people’s families are hopeless and cannot be cultivated. If they don’t have that ability, we should select suitable people for training among the children from warrior noble families. First of all, you must stimulate your blood through physical education classes. If you have blood, you will not be weak-willed , but At the same time, you have to take music classes to regulate your blood and energy, and ultimately make your blood and rationality form an alliance so that your blood and energy can be used by reason. Then you have to take cultural classes. Cultural classes are to limit your cognitive level to the cognition of specific things. When it comes to understanding abstract things, learning mathematics is a good entry point. You need to learn algebra first, then plane geometry and solid geometry. After learning mathematics, you need to learn astronomy. At the end, you need to learn dialectics and so on. If you learn it well, you can become a philosopher. Plato clearly pointed out that the philosopher’s soul is in a state of complete harmony, that is, the blood and desires are completely dominated by reason. It is impossible for a philosopher to be unable to control himself due to the dominance of physical desires. If philosophers act completely based on reason, then some people may question whether philosophers are noble, noble, great, and great . Philosophers are not ordinary people. Can a philosopher really live in a world away from the world? When a philosopher sees the young lady in the short video, he has no such worldly desires at all? Then Plato will firmly answer you, yes, philosophers do not have such worldly desires. This does not mean that Plato’s so-called philosophers are all robots. It does not mean that philosophers have no desires. Philosophers also have desires. It is just that philosophers experience more power. , the more lasting desire is the love of knowledge. You must know that in Plato’s philosophy, including the philosophy of the Three Sages of Ancient Greece that we are talking about today, there is such a setting , that is, philosophical hedonism , which means that the happiness brought by knowledge is The greatest happiness in the world , so the ancient Greek word « philosophy » means love of wisdom Philo-Sophia. The greatest love of philosophers is the love of wisdom, which is the desire for knowledge . Everyone knows that seeking knowledge is also a kind of love and is a kind of love. The most crazy kind of love, which is equivalent to saying that knowledge is a kind of pornography for philosophers. Pursuing knowledge and reasoning will attract you like pornography, making you addicted to learning and unable to extricate yourself. Pursuing knowledge can bring you into a kind of enlightenment . , enlightenment, and a state of ecstasy connected to eternity. The happiness experienced in this state is much happier than eating delicacies from the mountains and sea and watching videos of young ladies. Once you have experienced this high-level happiness, then eating delicacies from the mountains and sea and watching videos The happiness brought by a young lady will not be so fragrant, and you will no longer be tied down by the happiness brought by such low-level desires. This is just like what Plato said in the metaphor of the cave in « The Republic ». It is you. Once you have walked out of the cave and seen the real world outside, you will not want to descend back into the cave and compete with the prisoners in the cave to point at the false shadows. Then someone will ask, since philosophy makes people so happy. Why do we rarely see people in real life addicted to learning and unable to extricate themselves? The answer is that they can’t be addicted and don’t have the ability. You must know that addiction to knowledge requires training. As we said before, you must first train through music and sports to harmonize your blood. Then you can become a philosopher through a complete set of training in mathematics, astronomy, and dialectics. A person who can experience eroticism from seeking knowledge is, in the words of Confucius, « a person who loves virtue is like a lustful person. » Reading and studying is as happy as watching a young lady. If you had told me earlier that I would study and study, then I wouldn’t be sleepy, so let’s go back. If we want to overcome the situation of being unable to control ourselves and knowing but not doing, we must train ourselves to become philosophers. When we become philosophers, the principles we know rationally will become something similar to pornography, giving us a strong motivation to do it. By practicing this, you will be able to reach a state similar to what Confucius said: « Follow your heart’s desires without exceeding the rules. » The « desire » here in Plato refers to the high-level desire for knowledge and reasoning. The « moment » here in Plato refers to reason. For philosophers, reason and desire are combined into one, that is, the philosopher acts completely according to his instinctive desires without deliberately conforming to any norms, but the actions he takes are very consistent with the requirements of reason . The unity of knowledge and action is truly realized. This is Plato’s prescription for overcoming the inability to control oneself. After introducing Plato’s diagnosis and prescription, let’s invite the next doctor, Aristotle. We said before that the three sages of ancient Greece were all ethical rationalists, but Socrates’ ethical rationalism was too tough and incompatible with some phenomena in our daily lives . So Plato added the factor of desire and made some more granular changes. Detailed analysis , and Aristotle diluted it again based on Plato and gave some more granular analysis, making the uncontrollable philosophical analysis more down-to-earth. Raphael’s « Athenology » In the painting « Garden », Plato is floating in the sky with one finger, while Aristotle is more down -to-earth with just one finger. This Plato only knows how to talk about philosophy when he is there all day long, but he can have the king. How many people can become philosophers? So the market positioning of your theory is that it is a niche game with low emotional intelligence. So Aristotle needs to make this niche game more down-to-earth and more down-to-earth. Next, let’s talk about it. Let’s listen to Aristotle’s diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control ourselves. First of all, like Plato, Aristotle also believes that the inability to control ourselves is also due to desire’s covering of reason. Rationally, we clearly know that we are at risk of three highs and we should not eat too much. But desire makes us unable to control our mouths when we see sweets, and we can’t stop eating them . Aristotle described it as a phenomenon of inability to control caused by this desire’s covering of reason, you know . A situation of knowledge but no application is that yes, you know that you should not eat too many sweets , but the reason why you cannot control yourself is because this knowledge has not been really used. This is like having a lot of knowledge stored in a hard drive , including what is not. You should eat too many sweets, you should study hard, you should not smoke, and you should break up with that scumbag. These knowledge are all stored in the hard drive , but why did you take the opposite action despite having this knowledge? It’s because when you act, the knowledge in the hard disk is not called into the memory. What is active in the memory is desire, and the knowledge that is not called into the memory is in a dormant state. Why can desire compete with reason for memory? What form does this struggle for memory take? This struggle for memory can be expressed through a method of logical analysis, which requires the use of Aristotle’s special skill of syllogism. We all know that Aristotle invented the syllogism, a method of logical analysis. Of course, Aristotle also used syllogism to analyze the causes of inability to control himself. Aristotle believed that human actions and practices can also be described as a syllogism. For example, you usually have such a large practical syllogism stored in your hard drive. The premise is that I shouldn’t eat sweets. The major premise of syllogism is a general judgment, while the minor premise is a judgment about a specific thing. That is, the object A in front of me is a sweet. So the major premise combined with the minor premise will inevitably lead to the conclusion. I don’t This is the logic that you should eat food A. But what happens if you are in a situation where you cannot control yourself? You must know that unlike Plato and Aristotle, desire can be mixed with reason. In Aristotle’s case, desire is a desire that can use the power of reason to reason, and it is also a syllogism expression of desire that can play syllogisms. The major premise is that all sweets are delicious and the minor premise is that the item A in front of me is a sweet. The inferred conclusion is that I want to eat item A. So what really works when you are in a situation where you cannot control yourself is the syllogism of desire. Instead of the rational syllogism, we look at the syllogism of desire and the syllogism of rationality. The minor premise of both is the same. The key difference is that the major premise is different, so the mechanism of the inability to control it is that you originally have a rational syllogism in your hard drive , but when you When you encounter the minor premise, that is, when you see a piece of sweets in front of you, desire suddenly arises. The major premise of the rational syllogism is snatched away, so that the original major premise of rationality is tampered with into the major premise of desire , so it is deduced. I want to eat sweets. So the memory grabbing metaphor we talked about before is actually grabbing the major premise under the analysis of Aristotle’s syllogism. This is a simple summary of Aristotle’s etiology analysis. I know it but can’t do it . Because desire has obscured knowledge, your memory, or the major premise of your practical syllogism has been robbed by desire, leaving the knowledge you know theoretically dormant. After introducing the etiology and diagnosis, Aristotle will come to prescribe him. Aristotle ‘s prescription is not like Plato’s, which simply and crudely gave you a prescription for becoming a philosopher. Aristotle’s prescription is also more granular. He gives a system of knowledge and practice that can make you Kill monsters step by step and upgrade. The highest level is a virtuous person. If you simply understand the word « virtue » as a stable quality or habit in a person , a virtuous person has already achieved the goal of « doing what one wants without going beyond the rules. » The next level is a self-controlled person. In the struggle between rationality and desire, reason wins the major premise or memory. The next level is a person without self-control. In the struggle between reason and desire, desire snatches away the major premise or the lowest level of memory. Level 1 is the indulger. This kind of person is bent on indulgence. So what are the classification criteria for these four types of people? When we put it into a coordinate axis, it becomes clear at a glance. One end of the horizontal axis of this coordinate axis is without struggle and the other end is with struggle. One end of the vertical axis of the coordinate axis is reason in the dominant position and the other end is desire in the dominant position. So just mentioned The four types of people mentioned above can be placed in these four quadrants. Let’s first look at the second and third quadrants on the left. Self-controlled people and non-self-controlled people are the same in this regard. They have experienced inner struggles and encountered the minor premise. That is, when a piece of sweets appears in front of me, there is a battle between heaven and man. Do I want to eat this piece of sweets ? The difference is that the self-control person wins the major premise through rationality, while the main premise of the self-control person is snatched away by desire. Well, let’s look at it again. The four-quadrant virtuous person and the indulgent person are the same in this regard. There is no inner struggle between these two types of people. They are very self-consistent and have no entanglement at all. This virtuous person is actually the philosopher described by Plato. He follows his heart’s desires and does not go beyond the rules . He acts arbitrarily according to his instincts , but the actions he takes are very consistent with the requirements of rationality. The same is true for the indulger, who has no inner struggle at all and does not pay attention to any norms, but the actions he takes are completely the opposite of rationality . To eat sweets is to eat them fiercely. When you see cigarettes, you are to smoke them fiercely. You are to torture each other with the scumbag and stay together forever. We mentioned before that the two kinds of practical syllogisms are the rational syllogism and the desire syllogism. In fact, the indulgent person also has his own syllogism. This is the big version of the indulgent syllogism. The premise is that I should eat sweets. The minor premise is that the item A in front of me is a sweet. The conclusion is that I want to eat item A. Let us see that when the indulger encounters the minor premise, that is, when he sees a piece of sweets in front of him, the indulger does not worry about it at all . He picked up the fight and ate it without feeling any regret after finishing it , because this is in line with the main premise that he has always held. People originally feel that they need to eat more sweets, so this kind of person is a virtuous person at heart. It is also very self-consistent, but Aristotle believes that indulgence is the worst. It is worse than being unable to control yourself. Why? Because people who cannot control themselves still have ideological struggles and are entangled. Although the struggle fails, it means that others still struggle. People who can’t control themselves still want to be good in their hearts, while indulgent people don’t worry about it at all because they don’t want to be good at all. Such indulgent people are completely ruined. This messed-up situation is the worst in Aristotle’s opinion. If not, let’s give an example to illustrate that this is equivalent to your plan to learn philosophy on a short video website. After the last philosophy video was played, the system pushed you a short video of a young lady. Then you crossed out the young lady’s video because you rationally thought that you should quickly draw out the next philosophy video and continue studying. Pay attention to those who are virtuous. The movements of the self-control person are the same. They move their thumbs to gently scratch away the video of the young lady. However, the virtuous person scratches away naturally without any waves in his heart because he has no such worldly desires at all . Although the creator quickly swiped away the video of the little sister , within the 0.01 second when he moved his thumb, he went through an arduous struggle in his heart. I really want to watch the little sister, I really want to watch it, but I can’t. I want to study philosophy. In short, I have to go through a struggle. This is the difference between a virtuous person and a self-controlled person. The difference between a self-controlled person and a person who cannot control himself is that through struggle, the person who controls himself can move his thumb . The thumb of the person who does not control himself seems to be malfunctioning. I can’t exercise, but those who indulge are actively seeking , actively searching, actively liking, and actively collecting the young lady’s videos . I can’t stop watching them for 8 hours in a row, and I still don’t feel any regret after seeing the whole screen filled with recommendations. They are all young lady videos and they say smugly , hey, big data understands me. I have finally mastered my level 8 account. So let’s talk about the division of these four levels of knowledge and action. First, you have to find your positioning and then you can go from low level to high level. The advanced step-by-step upgrade is the movement and upgrade from the fourth quadrant to the first quadrant. In the final analysis, it is to practice from a state where rationality is obscured by desire to a state where rationality dominates one’s knowledge and action. After talking about the direction of this cultivation , What kind of practice is it specifically? The method of cultivation is to truly internalize knowledge and form a stable quality in oneself, which is what we call virtue. Aristotle gave an example and said that a person who knows clearly but cannot do it is not actually true. This is just like a drunk person can recite poetry , or an actor is reciting lines , or a child is reciting Tang poetry and Song lyrics fluently. Does he really understand the knowledge he is reciting? There is no real understanding. According to Aristotle, true knowledge is a kind of internalized knowledge. Knowledge is like growing in one’s own body, forming a stable state and becoming one’s second instinct, or called the second instinct. 2. Naturally, this is what we often call habits becoming natural. So how to internalize knowledge into a stable quality? This point reflects the difference between the knowledge views of Aristotle and his masters. Socrates and Plato believe that knowledge is more of a theoretical knowledge and a kind of contemplation. Just study mathematics in a small study. After astronomy proves the method, you can become a philosopher, and then becoming a philosopher can unite knowledge and action. Aristotle believes that the practical field of human beings is also reasonable, that is to say, practice is also a kind of knowledge , and the acquisition of practical knowledge is This is not achieved by studying hard or hiding in a small room to meditate , but by constantly doing things to develop a stable habit and quality. This especially shows that Aristotle is more down-to-earth than Socrates and Plato . Aristotle also specifically satirized Socrates and Plato’s views on knowledge. Aristotle said that we introduced Aristotle’s practical philosophy in the big issue program « The Reclining Scroll Controversy » and we will mention it again here. The knowledge in the practical field is internalized in one’s own body by constantly doing things. The knowledge gained in this way is a kind of true knowledge. By constantly doing things, you will gradually train a kind of practical wisdom. Phronesis simply means that you will enter a kind of practical wisdom. This kind of practical wisdom is a state where the brain can do things right. It is not like arithmetic, which can be reasoned on paper. You have to keep doing things to develop such a sense. For example, how? To treat people correctly, you have to keep doing it. You may have hit a wall a few times before , but the more you treat people, you will develop a sense of how to treat people. Next time you treat others, you will be able to make people feel like you without thinking. We were very happy to get along. In Aristotle’s words, this kind of person has practical wisdom. So let’s talk about it. If you have this kind of practical wisdom that can do things right with just your brain, then the knowledge is equivalent to growing on you. Aristotle believes that such people with practical wisdom will never be unable to control themselves. Let’s go back to the previous metaphor to summarize Aristotle’s views. If we say that knowing It doesn’t work because the knowledge stored in the hard disk has not been called into the memory and is therefore in a dormant state. The way to make the knowledge easy to call is to internalize the principles that you clearly understand and become a habit in yourself by constantly doing things . The call will be as smooth and comfortable as calling the shortcut. When you practice all the shortcuts dominated by reason, you will truly realize the unity of knowledge and action, and do what you want without going beyond the rules. Well, after talking about Aristotle, let’s come back to it at the end. Let’s sort out the clues of the development of the views of the three ancient Greek sages on the problem of being unable to control themselves. In fact, these three people are all ethical rationalists. They all believe in the power of knowledge , and therefore they all agree with Socrates’ assertion that knowing but not acting is because there is no real truth. Knowing true knowledge can definitely be implemented. However, both Plato and Aristotle gave a more common-sense explanation of what « true knowledge » is. Plato added the factor of desire , so to achieve « true knowledge », it is necessary to allow reason to dominate desire . Aristotle added the factor of practical knowledge , so to achieve « real knowledge » one must cultivate one’s own practical wisdom. This is not only enough to learn theoretical knowledge, but also needs to develop a stable quality and habit by constantly doing things. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of knowledge and action. Of course, this does not mean that Socrates’ statement is incomplete, and that the later people’s statements are more complete, because Socrates also had reason to say that when it was diluted later, it was muddled doctrine. In order to bring out so many lower body factors to smooth things over, do we Greeks need to talk about the ideals and beliefs of pure knowledge? So you still need to make up your mind which of the suggestions of these three ancient Greek experts is more reasonable. After introducing the three ancient Greek experts, Xian’s view Next, as we enter the modern era, we invite the Scottish philosopher David. Hume appears as David. Hume was a Scottish philosopher in the 18th century. He and Adam. Smith, Francis. Hutcheson and Thomas. Reed and others led the Scottish Enlightenment. So what would Hume, a modern philosopher after the Enlightenment, think about the problem of being unable to control himself? Well, let’s first introduce Hume’s diagnosis of the etiology of the inability to control ourselves. Hume’s diagnosis of the etiology of the inability to control ourselves must first start with his criticism of ethical rationalism. Hume believed that the three ancient Greek sages introduced earlier were all wrong in their diagnosis of the causes of the inability to control themselves. Because the prescriptions they prescribe are simply not right. The fundamental reason is that the ethical rationalism they are based on is wrong. We have said before that ethical rationalism particularly emphasizes the decisive role of reason in people’s actions and emphasizes how we should act in a reasonable way . Only by clarifying it theoretically can you take correct actions in practice. But Hume asked, can reason really lead to people’s actions? Do people take an action because they first thought it through logically? Hume does not believe that reason plays any role in human actions. Hume believes that the role of reason is only reflected in the following two aspects : one is reasoning about the relationship between concepts, and the other is reasoning about facts. This is the so-called Hume’s cross. The former kind of reasoning about the relationship between concepts is actually the knowledge of mathematics and logic. For example, 2+3=5 or if a is greater than b and b is greater than c , then a must be greater than c. These are all relationships between pure concepts. The second kind of reasoning about facts is mainly the knowledge of natural sciences , including physics and chemistry. , biology, social science, etc. , that is, to study the causal relationship between things, Hume asked about the role of these two aspects of reason. Which point can motivate us to act? Is it knowledge of mathematical logic or knowledge of natural science? It’s like saying that you discovered through observation that there is a watermelon in your home this summer. There is a refrigerator next to the watermelon. Then you draw a conclusion through careful calculation and reasoning. There are three steps to install the watermelon in the refrigerator. The first step is to open the refrigerator door. Open the second step and put the watermelon in. The third step is to close the refrigerator door. But can you deduce by relying on these observations, calculations, and reasoning alone that you will really take the action of putting the watermelon in the refrigerator? What doesn’t motivate you to put the watermelon in the refrigerator is your emotion and desire to eat iced watermelon. You must know that whether it is knowledge of mathematical logic or knowledge of natural science, where rationality comes into play, it belongs to the field of facts, that is, about  » The proposition « should it be  » and our action is the proposition « should it be ». I know this is a watermelon. The proposition « should it be » and the proposition « should I eat this watermelon » are completely different things . So This can well explain why many people understand a lot of principles and have a rich reserve of knowledge , but they know nothing. Because knowing and doing belong to completely different fields. Knowing does not lead to doing. What causes our actions is not rationality but emotion . It seems that your wife Xiaofang asked you why you chose to marry me instead of Xiaoyuan? You opened your straight man’s notebook. On the left page, the advantages and disadvantages of marrying Xiaofang are written. On the right page, the advantages and disadvantages of marrying Xiaoyuan are written. Then when you add them up, the net benefit of marrying Xiaofang is greater than marrying Xiaoyuan. The net income is so the solution to this problem is to marry Xiaofang. You licked your face and said to Xiaofang, « Hey wife , look at how objective and rational this math problem is. If you want to say that, you will probably have to kneel on the computer motherboard all night. Don’t do it. » Reason with your wife. This does not mean that your wife is unreasonable. It means that the practical reason for people’s actions does not make sense. According to Hume, you should give such an answer. I don’t know why , although from a rational perspective To put it bluntly, you are not as beautiful as Xiaoyuan, your figure is not as good as hers, your academic qualifications are not as high as hers, I understand , but there is always an inexplicable, irrational, and uncontrollable emotion in my heart. I just want to be with you. Together, my wife, I love you. Do you think this month’s living expenses are right? Brothers, please put « Learned » on the public screen. We say that it is not reason but emotion that promotes action. This is what Hume proposed in contrast to ethical rationalism. An ethics of ethical emotionalism. Ethical emotionalism emphasizes that it is emotions and desires that prompt our actions rather than rationality. I’m being told that the relationship between you and your wife is a Platonic one. In fact, isn’t it just because you were driven by lust in the first place? I want to be with her. So what role can rationality play in our actions? The role of reason is only to help emotions, that is, when you fall in love with Xiaofang, pay attention to the fact that you first have the emotion of falling in love with Xiaofang and wanting to be with her. This emotion will lead you to pursue her, and then your Only when rationality begins to calculate and reason, should you send Xiaofang roses or chrysanthemums, what strategy can you adopt to successfully achieve the emotionally set goal of wanting to be with her ? But no matter what strategy you rationally reason out, you will be prompted to act. What Hume said is your emotion. So Hume completely reversed ethical rationalism. According to ethical rationalism , remember the Plato’s metaphor mentioned earlier ? The horse driver is at the helm and directs where the horse should go. In Hume’s case, the relationship is immediate. It’s the other way around. Instead of the horse driver controlling the horse’s direction, it’s just a husky dragging the dog leader forward. Can’t anyone agree that the status of reason is so low? Can reason only be a slave to emotion? No, we often find situations where reason and emotion are in conflict with each other. For example, reason tells me that I shouldn’t eat sweets, but emotion and desire make me unable to control my mouth and want to eat sweets. This is Plato and Ari. What is the situation of inability to control that Stottle talks about? So how would Hume diagnose this so-called situation of inability to control himself? Hume said that this is not a battle between reason and emotion. The slave and the master are inseparable. It is a battle between emotion and emotion. You can’t control your mouth and want to eat sweets. This is one emotion and another. On the one hand, you feel that you should not eat sweets. This does not come from your rationality but from another emotion. You are afraid that you will get high if you eat too many sweets. This is a fear of death emotion. This is greed and fear of death. There is a battle between these two emotions. In the end, whether you eat sweets or not eat depends on these two conflicting emotions. In the end, whoever wins, then the next question is what kind of emotion is there? Only when you win in the struggle can you say that you cannot control yourself. How can you say that if the emotion of fear of death wins, then it means that you cannot control yourself, and if you win the emotion of greed, you cannot control yourself? What is the criterion for distinction? In this regard, Patrick Fleming, a philosophy professor at James Madison University, believes that such a dichotomy of emotional desire can be added to Hume’s philosophy, so that we can distinguish what is self-control and what is incapable of self-control. These two kinds of desires are the real desires. And the current desire, really want & locally want, the meaning of these two desires is the literal meaning, one is the real desire , the other is just the immediate, current desire. When the two emotional desires fight, the real desire wins, which is the self-control of the current desire. If you win, you cannot control yourself well. So now the question becomes how to distinguish these two desires? Hasn’t Hume completely removed rationality from people’s practical field? So why can we say that reading and studying is the real desire and watching short videos is the current desire? Why do you say that watching short videos and watching young ladies is not what I really want from the bottom of my heart? You are not a roundworm in my belly. How do you know what I really want? I don’t even know what I really want. Let’s take a look at a more difficult case. Note that the woman in the case is called Xiaomei. Xiaomei has a rare disease . If she doesn’t get an injection, she will die. She is still very young and super desperate. She is alive but she is super afraid of injections . Every time Xiaomei goes to the hospital for an injection, when the doctor approaches her with a needle, she will say oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, let’s not take the injection this time. I am so scared that I go home first. Every time It’s all like this , but I feel very upset when I get home because if I don’t get the injection, I will really die. The problem is how do we determine what Xiaomei’s real desire is? Is it the desire to live or the desire to avoid injections? The standard of distinction is that we can observe a person’s other actions to determine what the person really desires. For example, although Xiaomei runs away every time she goes to the hospital for an injection because of fear of needles , we also have to look at Xiaomei. What did she do at other times and on other occasions ? For example, after she escaped home, she beat her chest every time and fell into deep regret. For example, Xiaomei went to the temple every now and then to pray to gods and Buddhas in the hope of immortality. Another example is Xiaomei. I repost Koi every day in the hope of getting through the difficulties . Although these actions may not help achieve her goals , compared to Xiaomei refusing injections in the hospital , Xiaomei wants to live on more occasions and for a longer period of time. So this « more occasions, longer time » is enough to judge that the desire to live is Xiaomei’s real desire. This is also in line with our common sense, that is, the desire we really want is the long-term desire rather than the immediate pleasure. As the saying goes, the moment of pleasure in front of you is empty and melancholy, and this empty melancholy is the feeling of regret after being unable to control yourself. So in the end, Hume’s diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control is that there is a conflict between real desire and current desire. If the current desire overcomes The situation occurs when real desires cannot be controlled . After Hume’s diagnosis of the cause, it is time to prescribe a remedy. If the cause of the inability to control is that the current desire obscures the true desire , then the prescription Hume would prescribe is to eliminate it . The current desires dominate us and let the long-term real desires guide our actions. But never forget that Hume’s basic position is emotionalism. Both current desires and real desires are just emotions. This does not mean that real desires are more rational. The current desires are more emotional. Both are emotional, and rationality has no role in it. Therefore, unlike Socrates and Plato, those rationalists who want to overcome their inability to control themselves cannot just put it aside and reason with themselves, which makes no sense . It is to use the emotion of fear of death to defeat, for example, the emotion of greed. Simply put, it means not to be rational but to be moved by emotion. So how do you let one emotion defeat another emotion? Speaking of this, Hume proposed three psychological rules to judge which emotion will win the conflict and drive people’s actions if there are conflicting emotions . The first principle is called the winner-takes-all principle. In fact, this is an underlying mechanism. That is to say, different emotions will eventually decide a winner. In the end, the winning one will drive people’s actions. The losing one will be swallowed up and disappear. It is impossible to eat sweets while fearing death , then you will be schizophrenic. This is an underlying mechanism. Winner takes all. Specifically, which emotion will win mainly depends on the following two principles. The second principle is called the habit principle, which means that if an emotion is familiar to you, you have experienced this emotion many times. If you have this kind of emotion, you will be better able to win the fight and thus drive your actions. It is always easy and easy for people to do some habitual repetitive actions. The third principle is called the principle of concreteness, which means that if there is an emotion that can be in your heart. If the impression that forms a particularly vivid image is concrete , then this kind of emotion can win the battle better. For example, whether to donate money to the poor downstairs or to the poor in Africa , most people will choose to donate to the downstairs because you are interested in it. The feelings of the poor downstairs are more direct and vivid. Well, we already know the three principles of emotional struggle. So what we have to do now is to make good use of these three principles to cultivate our true desires so that they can win the present moment in the struggle. Let ’s talk about this concrete principle of desire first. Why do you think our current desires can often defeat our real desires, leading to a situation where we cannot control ourselves? The main reason is that real desires are often not concrete enough in the long term . The sweets in front of us and the young ladies in the short videos we encounter now are very specific. So what we have to do is to make the long-term real desires concrete. Let yourself feel it vividly at this moment. For example, when you are studying and studying, you can’t help but watch short videos. You must use the principle of concreteness to imagine this desire to study and study in a particularly vivid and special way. Vividly , for example, if you imagine that you will be admitted to a good university after getting high scores in the exam , just think about the scene of yourself running freely on the grass of the university campus. The ancients did not say that there is a golden house in the book. There is a beautiful face in the book. How many of you? Thinking about Golden House and Yan Ruyu may make you more motivated to study and study. And it is precisely because the real desire is often a long-term desire, so we must also let ourselves look at the current actions from a long-term perspective, such as now. There is a popular so-called three 10 rule, that is, when you are in a situation where you cannot control yourself, for example, when you are debating whether to study or watch short videos, you might as well jump out and try to imagine the three 10s, which is what if. How will you feel about this decision 10 minutes after you decide to make one of them? How will you feel about this decision 10 months later ? How will you feel about this decision 10 years later ? The three-10 rule ultimately allows you to escape from your current desires. Come out and look at your actions from the perspective of long-term desire. In addition, when you want to fight against an immediate desire, for example, you can’t help but want to smoke, you must also use the principle of concreteness to control the desire to smoke. It is associated with a bad image, which is why many cigarette packages now have pictures of lungs rotting due to lung cancer to scare smokers. Similarly, you imagine the girl in the short video is a big dog. Pig’s trotters, big pig’s hooves, what are you doing? Then you may think that Yan Ruyu in the book is more beautiful. After talking about principle 3, let’s talk about principle 2. We can also use the habit principle to cultivate our real desires. This is a bit like Aristotle’s virtue. The development of education is to start with small things and slowly develop a sense of familiarity . For example, if you have a fear of speaking in public, even if it is a particularly important speech, you always run away, just like this little beauty who is afraid of injections, then you should find it first Your parents, wife, and children will speak for you first, and then find a few friends to speak to them again . When you gradually develop a familiarity with public speaking and it becomes a habit, what happens when you do it in front of dozens or hundreds of people? When giving a speech, you will be more comfortable and accustomed to it. After cultivating your long-term desire into a more dominant emotion through the principle of concreteness and habituation, then according to principle 1, the winner takes all principle, stage fright, smoking, brushing Short-term desires such as short videos and eating sweets will be eliminated, and your long-term desires will be able to dominate your will and drive your actions. In this way, you can overcome the inability to control yourself. In short, according to Hume’s plan, you should be moved by emotion rather than by dawn. To make sense, you need to treat yourself like a baby. Can you and the baby make sense? If it doesn’t make sense , you have to coax it or scare it so that the baby can grow up healthily. Now that I’ve introduced Hume’s diagnosis and prescription, let’s go on . Please invite the next doctor Freud to appear. The format of our program today is an expert consultation. Of course, this is more of a metaphor. Comparing philosophers to doctors of human thought , but the philosophers we have appeared today There is really a doctor in the family , a doctor doctor (a real doctor and not just a doctor of philosophy). This is Freud. Freud was originally a neurologist. He later gradually transformed into a philosopher or thinker . Later theories are all based on his early clinical experience. Now let’s listen to this serious doctor Freud’s diagnosis of the cause of the problem of self-control. Of course, it is still the same as the previous philosophers. To explain clearly Freud’s diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control himself, we still need to understand the basic concepts of Freud’s theory. Of course, Freud, as the founder of a school of psychology, is also the founder of the school of psychoanalysis. His specific The psychological theory of Freud has received a lot of criticism in today’s mainstream empirical psychology circles , but we have to say that as a thinker, Freud ‘s influence of Freudianism is huge. Some scholars have commented that Freud Doctrine is one of the most influential ideas of the 20th century, second only to Marxism and Darwinism. Let’s look at the reasons why they have huge influence. It’s because their theories are revolutionary. They overturned a tradition and opened up a new three-dimensional view for mankind. The same goes for Freud. His theories are also revolutionary. He brought a new perspective to the Western ideological world’s view of human beings. There are two major reversals. The first reversal is in a sense inherited from Hume’s reversal of ethical rationalism. However, Freud pushed this anti-rationalism to an extreme. In Hume’s case, it is not dominated by human reason. It is people ‘s emotions that dominate people, and with Freud, what dominates people are those unknown and indescribable instinctive desires deep in people’s hearts. These instincts are mainly sexual instincts and aggressive instincts , which are those who want something delicious when they see it. When he sees a pretty girl, he will go up to her to have offspring with her. When he sees a potential sexual competitor, he will go up and beat him to death. In short, it is very pornographic and violent. Freud called these primitive instincts libido . It is these very pornographic and violent libidos that are driving your actions. You may not agree that I am a very pure and healthy person and it is those very pornographic and violent instincts that are driving my actions. I definitely disagree. We have all been educated in ideological and moral education since we were young. I don’t even think about those very pornographic and violent things in my mind, so how can they control my actions? This brings us to the second major reversal that Freud brought to Western thought. It can also be said that the more important reversal is that he proposed an important concept: unconsciousness . Simply put, what you think you think is what you think. ? You must know that most of the things that really drive our actions are unconscious. You are not consciously aware of your own rationality. This is the famous iceberg model, which says that the human mental structure is like an iceberg. People can consciously realize it. It’s just a small part that surfaces, but there’s a huge part below the surface. This is the unconscious. The unconscious is something you don’t know but it actually dominates your actions. Why can’t we ourselves be consciously aware of the motivations for our actions? That’s because there is a defense mechanism in your mental structure. The task of this defense mechanism is to prevent those indescribable primitive instincts deep in your heart from being consciously realized by you. What does this mean? This is equivalent to having a reviewer living in your heart. As the tip of the iceberg on the water, you are just a spectator. This reviewer is always reviewing all kinds of indescribable pornographic content uploaded in the background. Violent videos , but sometimes the reviewer is too busy to take down those indescribable videos , but he can at least call them back and ask the uploader to change the title , for example, to « Learning about dressing knowledge » and it will pass the review and be used as a video. Audience, you clicked on the video after seeing this title. In fact, deep down in your heart, you just want to watch the young lady’s video, but you will always throw out three consecutive denials: I’m not, I don’t, don’t talk nonsense, I just come to the knowledge area to learn knowledge. Moreover , the auditor’s work is also carried out unconsciously. At the conscious level, you really believe that you are here to learn knowledge in the knowledge area. Simply put, you have deceived yourself and you still don’t know that you have deceived yourself. Why should we? What about lying to yourself? The fundamental reason is that you have more than one self. Speaking of this, we will introduce the famous tripartite model of personality proposed by Freud , which is the id, ego and superego. Let us first talk about this self. According to our traditional understanding, this self usually It is regarded as Descartes’ « I think ». Descartes said « I think, therefore I am. » Descartes believes that our first-person self-perception of our inner thoughts is direct, clear, and transparent. To put it simply, it means that I don’t know what I am thinking. You really don’t know. The content that I am consciously aware of is just the tip of the iceberg , and these contents are processed and distorted. This distortion is the interaction between two forces. The first kind of force involved is the ego. The ego is the most primitive human instincts we mentioned before, including sexual instincts and aggressive instincts, which are those very pornographic and violent things. The ego is the most fundamental part of human actions. The driving force is reflected in the impulse that people have at all times. As I just said, when they see something delicious, they want to eat it. When they see a pretty lady, they want to go up to her and their offspring when they see a potential sexual competitor. These impulses to beat him to death are, in Freud’s words, « a boiling boiler. It always seeks release , but you won’t really go up to the little sister when you see her. » Reproduction Why? Because there is another force involving the self, which is the superego. The superego is a set of moral education. It encourages the self to establish a defense mechanism to fight against the self. You must be a person who has escaped from vulgar taste. Learn knowledge and don’t watch videos of young ladies. The superego is built around an internalized image of your parents. Every time you want to do something unhealthy, you suddenly think about what my parents would think of what I’m doing. What about this matter? Suddenly you will think how can I be this kind of person? The entanglement between the id-ego-superego is also unconscious. So the ego has established a set of defense mechanisms under the influence of the superego to fight against the ego. The ultimate consequence is that your instinctive impulses are always suppressed. In fact, Freud’s theory of instinctive repression is highly related to a person’s childhood experience , especially to the experience of repressed childhood sexual desire. Of course Freud The childhood sexual desire mentioned here is divided into three stages : the oral stage, the anal stage and the genital stage, which develop continuously from birth to 6 years old. The expression of sexual desire in the oral stage is to suck the mother’s nipples , and then there is the anal stage . The expression of sexual desire is to like to urinate anytime and anywhere. Finally, sexual desire will gradually transfer to the genitals, from narcissism to love for others. This means that when you were just born, you were a baby. This baby is completely led by the ego and is completely free . You freely release your own instinctive impulses. You can do whatever you want. When you are hungry, ask your mother to feed you. If you want to excrete, you can excrete it anywhere. But later, as you grow up, your parents will not allow you to let yourself go so freely. You can use alcohol and drink for example. You can no longer suck your mother’s nipples all the time. For example, you must defecate at a specified time and place. In short, you have to follow the rules. If you don’t follow the rules, you will be punished by your parents. For example, a little boy will I had a strong anxiety about being castrated by my father, so I learned to behave. We said before that the superego is an internalized parental image . Under the influence of this superego, a self with a defense system was eventually established. So the establishment of self is accompanied by the suppression of your instinct . So what are the consequences of long-term suppression of instinct? Of course, Freud listed a lot about this : projection, fixation, sublimation, regression, reverse formation, etc. Our program does not say it is so complicated. In fact, the principle is very simple , just like a boiling boiler. If you always What are the consequences of holding it tight and not letting it release? Either you can’t hold it back and it bursts out , or you can hold it back but it moves to another channel and is released. This situation of being unable to hold it back is easy to understand. It means that your true self just wants to watch young lady videos , but your ego is there. Under the influence of the superego, I strained as hard as I could. I came to the knowledge area to learn philosophy. I wanted to watch philosophy videos. I wanted to watch philosophy videos, but in the end I couldn’t hold back. I kept watching the philosophy videos and turned into videos about young ladies. But even though I didn’t stretch, I kept straining. hold tight But your superego will not disappear because of this. Your defense mechanism will create a strong sense of regret for your self afterwards. Oh, I obviously came to the knowledge area to study philosophy. Why did I just watch the video of the young lady? Why can’t I control myself? I’m such a waste. This feeling of regret afterwards is brought about by the superego. This is a situation where I can’t hold myself back. What’s the situation when I can hold back and then transfer? For example, you know that smoking is harmful to your health and the doctor has advised you not to smoke, but you still can’t control yourself and want to smoke. Use a Freudian explanation to explain that you can’t control yourself and want to smoke. In fact, you did this when you were a child. If you are not having a good time during your sexual period, it would be like your father snatching your mother away. Your instinct to suck your mother’s nipples is suppressed. This suppressed sexual desire in childhood will remain stuck deep in your heart until you become an adult . This repressed childhood desire for mother’s nipples is released in another way , that is, the desire to suck cigarettes. Of course, this repression and transfer is also carried out unconsciously. You think you are addicted to cigarettes. In fact, this is just to compensate your son. Of course, the underlying mechanism of the mother’s love that is missing is actually the same whether it is released after being unable to hold it or transferred after being held back, that is, your instinct is suppressed and you have to find ways to release it. But this suppression-release process It’s completely unconscious , so when you finally make some kind of unconscious action to release it, you can’t understand why you would do such a thing, which makes you look like « I don’t understand. » This is what we call separation of knowledge and action, inability to control ourselves. One of the extreme conditions is hysteria, or hysteria in translation, where a certain part of the body is not damaged in a pathological and anatomical sense but is functionally disordered or simply malfunctioning. For example, for example, the left hand cannot be lifted for some reason , or the eyes cannot see for some reason , or the whole body is simply paralyzed and rolling on the ground in twitching. This kind of hysteria is an extreme form of inability to control oneself. In fact, in this sense, each of us is a hysteric patient to a certain extent , because each of us has suppressed instincts, and we are all unconsciously releasing our suppressed instincts. In this sense, each of us is a hysteric. Individuals are also unable to control themselves. We all make some actions that we cannot understand logically to release our suppressed instincts, because in the end we don’t actually know ourselves. Our most essential self is unconscious. It’s easy to finish. Lloyd’s etiology diagnosis Next, let’s talk about the medicine he prescribed . Since it is easy to explain things at the unconscious level, due to the ego’s defense mechanism, it makes you look like « I don’t understand » on your conscious level. How to treat your inability to control your symptoms? The reason is very simple. It is to let your entanglements at the unconscious level rise to the conscious level. Once you understand your entanglements at the unconscious level at the conscious level, your symptoms will be eliminated. In fact, you still need to do a kind of « understanding ». Your own work. Of course, psychoanalysis is a clinical job. We will only talk about the concept here. As for the specific clinical operation of seeking medical treatment, you have to spend your own money to lie on the sofa and talk to the analyst. Therapy , then the biggest enemy to let the entanglements at the unconscious level rise to the conscious level is the defense mechanism. We said before that the job of the defense mechanism is to prevent the contents of the unconscious level from rising to the conscious level. The important task of psychoanalysis is to break through the defense mechanism. How do you break through the blocking of your unconscious content ? The main method is verbal therapy , which is treated through the conversation between the analyst and the patient. This verbal therapy was pioneered by Freud. The current psychological counseling industry has developed so much. This is all because of the job given by the founder, Freud . An important type of verbal therapy is called free association. In a small, dark room, you lie down on a sofa or a recliner and the analyst sits behind you . Then you just say whatever comes to your mind without any filtering , just like you are a sitting person. Passengers at the window of a high-speed train report whatever they see passing through the window. The analyst wants to guide the patient to bypass the defense mechanism by encouraging the patient to report any passing thoughts without filtering. The crux hidden in the unconscious. Later, when you talk about the door to your memory, the door to your memory is gradually opened, and all the messy things you experienced in your childhood come to mind. In the end, most of them will be related to the sexual repression in your childhood. Finally, you find out that for example, you So when you are reading and studying, you can’t control yourself and watch short videos because deep down in your heart you simply don’t believe that you will become a learned person. You are subconsciously making excuses for your failure. The fundamental problem lies in For example, when you asked your mother something in childhood, she always refused to tell you and always ignored you. When you realized the fundamental crux, you burst into tears, and the symptoms of watching short videos while studying and studying disappeared immediately . Of course, I What I say here is very light. The concept of psychoanalysis is very simple, but it is an actual clinical work, because this defense mechanism is difficult to bypass. The effect of the three consecutive denials on your ego level is very powerful, and this psychoanalysis it It’s not that the analyst has rich clinical experience. He can see the crux of the patient’s problem at a glance through the conversation with the patient. Then he directly tells the patient the crux and the medicine will cure the disease. In addition to telling the patient, but it doesn’t work, it can only make the patient improve in knowledge. , Knowing this crux theoretically does not eliminate the disease. This is still a situation of knowing but not acting. To truly eliminate the disease, the patient must have a real understanding of his unconscious content and let the patient himself follow the conversation. Being able to experience the crux of the problem yourself , so you usually end up crying. This is when the patient truly feels the crux of the problem in his unconscious. This is a true understanding of the unconscious content , so the analyst tells the patient directly. It doesn’t work but needs to guide the patient to perceive the contents of his unconscious through talking. Therefore, psychoanalysis is an art . Of course, the interpretation of dreams and the interpretation of slips of the tongue are all psychoanalytic treatment methods , because people are defensive in their sleep. The effectiveness of the mechanism is not that strong , so it will not distort the content of your unconsciousness so seriously, so it can leave some clues for you to explore the unconsciousness. Of course, there are some specific operations that I will not go into, including what other patients are interested in the analysis. The teacher’s transference sometimes treats the analyst as his father and sometimes his mother. Then the handling of the patient’s transference to the analyst itself is the psychoanalytic treatment of the patient. In short, the main task of psychoanalysis It is through talking that the patient can be guided to bypass the defense mechanism and be consciously aware of the various entanglements in his unconsciousness, thereby alleviating the hysteria of being unable to control himself. This is Freud’s prescription for the inability to control himself. After introducing Freud, Diagnosis and Prescription Next, we enter the meeting of expert consultation on the problem of inability to control. Summary of this episode of the Big Questions program. We have discussed five diagnoses of the problem of inability to control and the corresponding solutions. Let’s briefly summarize Socrates’ views on the problem of inability to control. The key word for etiological diagnosis is lack of knowledge, which is ignorance. The so-called « you know clearly but can’t do it  » only means that you don’t really know. Knowing but not being able to do it is just unknown. As long as you truly know, you will definitely be able to do it . Based on this diagnosis, the key word of Socrates’ prescription is to learn knowledge. When you truly know this knowledge and practice this knowledge, it is good and will bring you happiness. Therefore, there will be no problem of being unable to control yourself. The key word in Plato’s diagnosis of being unable to control yourself is desire to dominate. The so-called knowing but not acting is because the reason in your soul is obscured by desire. Therefore, the key word in Plato’s prescription is to become . Philosopher, you need to cultivate your soul structure into a philosopher-like soul structure in which reason dominates blood and desire, so that you have a love for reason, so that you can achieve harmony between reason and desire and realize the unity of knowledge and action . Aristotle The key word for diagnosing the inability to self-control is knowledge dormancy . This is because your desire has robbed the major premise of your practical syllogism and thus robbed the memory . Your knowledge has not been used and is in a dormant state . So how can you make it easy for knowledge to be used? ? The key word in Aristotle’s prescription is to cultivate habits . You need to keep doing things to internalize knowledge into a stable quality and habit. In this way, the use of knowledge will be as smooth and easy as calling shortcuts. In modern times, Hume The key word for the diagnosis of the cause of inability to control is emotional conflict . The so-called inability to control is not a struggle between reason and emotion. Reason is just a slave of emotion. Inability to control is a struggle between emotion and emotion , and it is a kind of current emotional desire that overcomes Caused by long-term emotional desires , the key word in Hume’s prescription is to act with emotion. This is different from the ethical rationalists who advocate emotionalism. Hume’s treatment plan for those who cannot control themselves is not to use reason but to act with emotion. It must be based on psychology. Learn the three principles to cultivate our long-term desires so that they can overcome the short-term desires of the moment. The key word for Freud’s diagnosis of inability to control is instinctive suppression. Our unconscious id is suppressed by the defense mechanism in the self under the influence of the superego. The ego always seeks release , and this process of release is also unconscious. Therefore, we will always make release actions that our conscious awareness cannot understand. This results in the separation of knowledge and action, which is why Freud prescribed the medicine. The key word is psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is to allow the repression and entanglements in our unconscious to rise to the level of consciousness and be consciously understood by us. This way we can alleviate the symptoms that cannot be controlled. This program introduces these five diagnoses and corresponding prescriptions for you. Which one do you think is more relevant to our real living situation ? Or can you provide what you think is a better diagnosis and solution? Of course, the time of this program is limited, so we do not specifically include the diagnoses and solutions of Chinese philosophers. So in the context of Western philosophy, one clue of this program is the dispute between ancient and modern times. One of the focus of this debate is knowledge and rationality, which is what we are doing. Does theoretical knowledge have any or how much guiding role it has in our practical activities, that is, in our conduct ? And how should we treat ourselves? How should we handle ourselves? Do you see yourself as a rational dialogue partner or as a little monkey? You are welcome to participate in the discussion of this big issue with philosophers. They have finished expressing their opinions. Now it is your turn to speak . Please Cast your vote and express your opinion in the comment area below the video .

Déroulement de la vidéo:

0.32 Hello everyone, welcome to the Big Question Program.
0.32 I am the host of Robot Mr. Xia No. 1.
0.32 The big question to be discussed in this episode is
0.32 how to overcome the inability to control oneself (akarasia)?
0.32 The so-called inability to control oneself
0.32 in Greek is akrasia.
0.32 In English it is usually translated as weakness of will.
0.32 In Chinese it is usually translated as weakness of will. Weakness of will
0.32 or lack of self-control or inability to control ourselves.
0.32 In today’s program, we uniformly call this Chinese name “unable to control oneself”.
0.32 In fact, this is what we The problem that most people face in their daily lives
0.32 is that I can’t control myself. I
0.32 know that doing A is better than doing B in theory, but for some reason
0.32 , I just can’t control myself
0.32 in action and do B. If it&;s not an A
0.32 , for example, you clearly know that the exam is coming next month and you
0.32 should study hard today,
0.32 but as you read this book,
0.32 your hand couldn&;t help but take out your phone
0.32 and click on the short video software
0.32 to watch the girl. The short video
0.32 was scrolled and the whole day passed.
0.32 At night, I wrote in my diary with great regret that I
0.32 had been scrolling on my phone all day today
0.32 and I had to study hard tomorrow.
0.32 As a result, I still wrote in my diary the next day. You have
0.32 been scrolling on your phone all day today
0.32 , and let’s say you know that you are already a little obese, and your
0.32 blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood sugar are very high.
0.32 You know that you should eat less sweets.
0.32 You know more about this medical knowledge than anyone else
0.32 . You are even a doctor yourself. Or a nutritionist
0.32 , but when it comes to sweets,
0.32 you just can&;t control your mouth.
0.32 Once you eat sweets, you can&;t stop.
0.32 The situation caused by this inability to control yourself is that
0.32 we know more principles than anyone else.
0.32 We all understand.
0.32 However, we understand.
0.32 It is a very common phenomenon in our daily life
0.32 to understand so many principles but still not live a
0.32 good life . We know what is good
0.32 but just can’t do
0.32 it. We know we should quit smoking but we are weak-willed and can’t quit even though
0.32 we know it. I should break up with that scumbag
0.32 , but he sent me a text message asking for forgiveness,
0.32 and I found myself waking up at his house again the next day. I
0.32 knew I had to serve my parents well when I returned to my hometown during the Chinese New Year
0.32 , but I ended up lying in bed as soon as I returned home,
0.32 etc., etc.,
0.32 including this big problem of ours. In fact, the program
0.32 started preparing to write this "cannot control" topic two months ago.
0.32 I knew that the audience was urging me to update more,
0.32 and I knew that I should speed up the update process.
0.32 Every time I updated the program, I gained a wave of followers.
0.32 As a result, about " "I can&;t control myself." The production of the big problem
0.32 also fell into the situation of being unable to control myself.
0.32 After writing two paragraphs, I started doing this here and there
0.32 and I don&;t know what
0.32 I did. In the end, it took me two months to complete this program.
0.32 Then we were so regretful that we couldn&;t control ourselves
0.32 and quickly ordered
0.32 books such as "Willpower" and "Self-Control" online to find solutions
0.32 . After buying the books, we
0.32 read the first two pages
0.32 and couldn&;t control ourselves to play.
0.32 It’s really annoying
0.32 to be in such a situation where I can’t control my cell phone.
0.32 What you are saying is that if I am stupid
0.32 or killed by external factors,
0.32 then I will die if I die.
0.32 I don’t have that ability or If we don’t have that fate
0.32 , we will accept it.
0.32 But you said that if I have that ability
0.32 and if I implement it according to this ability, this thing can be done.
0.32 But I just don’t do it
0.32 . In the end, I will be too lazy to die.
0.32 You said that this way of death is really too embarrassing. I hate myself.
0.32 I really want to save myself
0.32 and then beat myself to death on the spot.
0.32 So when it comes to this, let me limit the scope of our discussion today.
0.32 Today we only discuss situations where there is no one to stop me and there is no illness or disaster.
0.32 So today we will not discuss the situation where
0.32 you are unable to control yourself
0.32 when there is external interference. The
0.32 second one is not going to discuss those situations where you are unable to control yourself due to obvious pathological reasons.
0.32 For example, if you have an epileptic seizure. If you can&;t control yourself
0.32 , we won&;t discuss this situation
0.32 today.
0.32 Please dial 120
0.32 and someone will tell you
0.32 how to improve your self-control.
0.32 This problem is not a big problem.
0.32 It is a small problem of specific operations.
0.32 You can find someone to improve your self-control. Isn’t it a step-by-step operation manual? The
0.32 reason why this question is not just a best-seller on airport psychology
0.32 is because it involves the question of what we ourselves are.
0.32 Are we fundamentally rational
0.32 or are we ourselves ignorant? What about the little monkey who knows himself
0.32 and therefore cannot control himself?
0.32 Can knowledge influence our actions?
0.32 Can you do it if you know it?
0.32 If so, how can we explain the phenomena in the world that we know but do not do?
0.32 If not, then do we still need to know the truth?
0.32 This problem is actually the problem that our Confucians talk about: knowing but not doing,
0.32 or the separation of knowledge and action.
0.32 Our Confucianism has also emphasized overcoming this inability to control ourselves and
0.32 achieving the unity of knowledge and action since ancient times
0.32 . So how do we overcome the inability to control ourselves and achieve the unity of knowledge and action?
0.32 Regarding this big problem, this episode invited five philosophers
0.32 to diagnose the cause of the problem of inability to control themselves
0.32 and to prescribe medicine based on their diagnosis.
0.32 Therefore, this episode is an expert consultation.
0.32 These five doctors respectively
0.32 advise you to learn. The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates
0.32 advocated becoming a philosopher. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato
0.32 advocated cultivating habits. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle
0.32 advocated being emotional. The Scottish philosopher David. Hume
0.32 and the Austrian psychologist Freud who advocated psychoanalysis.
0.32 Finally, can you comment on
0.32 which expert&;s plan is more reasonable in this expert consultation?
0.32 Okay, now let’s go to the main part of the consultation.
0.32 First, let’s invite the first doctor,
0.32 the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates,
0.32 to appear. The first three doctors to appear are master and disciple Sun,
0.32 who are also the famous three sages of ancient Greece:
0.32 Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle and
0.32 Socrates were Plato’s teachers.
0.32 Plato was Aristotle’s teacher.
0.32 It can be said that these three people laid the foundation for Western philosophy
0.32 during the Axial Age of human civilization.
0.32 Let’s first listen to ancient Greece. Socrates , the first of the three sages
0.32 , diagnosed the cause of the inability to control himself.
0.32 Socrates diagnosed
0.32 the cause of the inability to control himself, that is, he knew it but was unable to do it. He diagnosed it as
0.32 ignorance
0.32 , that is, when you say you know but fail to do it,
0.32 it is actually because of you. We don’t really know.
0.32 In the words of the Ming Dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming,
0.32 “Those who don’t know but don’t do it are just unknown.”
0.32 Of course, in the words of Socrates,
0.32 “virtue is knowledge. No one intentionally does evil.”
0.32 No one goes willingly toward the bad
0.32 . What does it mean?
0.32 That is to say, it is impossible for a person who truly knows and understands the truth
0.32 to be in a situation where he knows but does not act and cannot control himself.
0.32 For example, a
0.32 person who
0.32 truly knows that reading and studying is a good thing is impossible to learn at all. Sometimes you can&;t help but check your mobile phone.
0.32 If you know you can definitely do it, if you know it, you can do
0.32 it. The so-called knowing but not doing it is actually due to your ignorance. It&;s just that
0.32 you don&;t really know that reading and studying is good.
0.32 Socrates adopted such a To demonstrate his point of view logically
0.32 , that is, good means happiness. Happiness means good.
0.32 If you think A is worth pursuing,
0.32 one is because you know A is good,
0.32 and the other is because A will make you happy.
0.32 In Socrates&; view, one and two are Equivalent
0.32 is the same thing
0.32 . If you think A is good and worth pursuing
0.32 , then A will definitely bring you happiness.
0.32 Otherwise, you cannot think that A will make you unhappy.
0.32 You will still think it is worth pursuing.
0.32 Isn&;t this logic contradictory?
0.32 People will always do things that they think are happier,
0.32 and happy things are good things.
0.32 So people will always do things that they think are better.
0.32 So if a person doesn&;t do that really good thing, he
0.32 will definitely do it. It&;s because he doesn&;t really know that something is good.
0.32 In other words, knowing but not doing it is just because of ignorance. To put it simply
0.32 , laziness and stupidity are the same thing
0.32 here in Socrates. The
0.32 reason why you are lazy is because you are stupid
0.32 , you are lazy, you are stupid.
0.32 It is as simple as
0.32 that. Then you may not be able to accept Socrates’ view.
0.32 I think good things are those that can lead Want something happy?
0.32 I think reading and studying is good
0.32 , but I feel uncomfortable when reading and studying.
0.32 Instead, I feel happier when I watch short videos of young ladies.
0.32 But I don’t think that watching short videos is a good thing worth pursuing,
0.32 so this leads to my knowledge and behavior. If you are separated and unable to control yourself,
0.32 then Socrates will tell
0.32 you
0.32 very forcefully that
0.32 what is good is happiness, and what is happy is good. As for what you call the phenomenon of being unable to control yourself, it is not
0.32 because the pursuit of happiness has defeated the pursuit of good. It’s because you don’t know what is good
0.32 and you don’t have the correct knowledge about what
0.32 is good. If you really know that reading and studying is good
0.32 , then reading and studying
0.32 will bring you happiness.
0.32 Socrates and Wang Yangming are in the same position.
0.32 Yangming said, " "There is no one who knows but does not do it."
0.32 That is to say, it is impossible to have a situation where you know clearly but can&;t do it
0.32 . Knowing that you can definitely do it,
0.32 knowing but not doing it, is just a lack of knowledge.
0.32 Therefore, in the eyes of Socrates and Wang Yangming, people
0.32 who cannot control themselves in a strict sense Phenomenon does not exist.
0.32 The so-called knowledge but not action is a false question.
0.32 This set of Socrates&; statements established a rationalistic ethics
0.32 called ethical rationalism.
0.32 So what is ethical rationalism?
0.32 To put it simply, our practices, actions, and pursuit of a better life
0.32 are based on knowledge and rationality.
0.32 What kind of life is a good life
0.32 has to be reasonable.
0.32 You have to clarify it logically.
0.32 Then you can pursue a better life correctly.
0.32 Socrates’ view on the problem of being unable to control yourself
0.32 is a very strong ethical rationalism.
0.32 That is, if you really understand the truth,
0.32 you can do it.
0.32 Maybe some friends think that Socrates Di&;s view is a bit counter-intuitive
0.32 . Why does he have such strong confidence in knowledge and rationality?
0.32 You can do it if you know it. Is knowledge really that powerful?
0.32 Speaking of this, we have to mention the background of intellectual history. We must
0.32 know that ancient Greek writers particularly advocated the power of knowledge and reason.
0.32 They believed that the world is reasonable,
0.32 and this reason can be understood through human reason,
0.32 so a good life It is to use one&;s own reason to understand the principles of the world.
0.32 Therefore, the Greek literati&;s worship of reason and knowledge
0.32 reached a very incredible level.
0.32 It was this worship of reason
0.32 that gave birth to the birth of science in later generations.
0.32 You must know that the Greek literati The incredible degree of worship of reason
0.32 is abnormal from the perspective of other civilizations.
0.32 Other civilizations live normally and are very pragmatic.
0.32 However, these Greeks want to explore the nature of nature
0.32 and the origin of the world. It is the unchanging essence behind the changes of all things
0.32 , and these big issues must be discussed in a reasonable way.
0.32 Isn’t it enough to support us?
0.32 Later, the Romans came to rule Europe, and
0.32 the Romans lived normally
0.32 until the Renaissance
0.32 . The Renaissance was Where do you want to revive?
0.32 What is restored is the rational spirit of ancient Greece.
0.32 From the later story, we know that
0.32 modern science was born during the Renaissance. In fact, it cannot be said to
0.32 have been born
0.32 since ancient Greece
0.32 . So we now live in an era of prosperous science.
0.32 Do not think that this science , Rationality is a natural
0.32 science and rationality is not normal.
0.32 This is all caused by the ancient Greek literati who seemed to worship reason.
0.32 After talking about this historical background of thought,
0.32 we can probably understand
0.32 why Socrates made such a strong ethical rationalism. He asserted
0.32 that knowledge is so important in the eyes of Greek philosophers.
0.32 If you really know it, you can really do
0.32 it. You can&;t know it because you don&;t really know it. After
0.32 talking about Socrates&; diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control himself,
0.32 let&;s introduce the prescription he prescribed.
0.32 Since Socrates Even Grates doesn&;t admit that there is a strict sense of being unable to control yourself.
0.32 The so-called knowing but not doing is just because you don&;t really know
0.32 that the so-called laziness is stupidity.
0.32 So how to treat your own laziness cancer?
0.32 That is to improve our knowledge level.
0.32 We still have to keep learning.
0.32 When you become a person with a high level of knowledge,
0.32 you can truly understand the principles you know.
0.32 When you truly understand these principles,
0.32 you can put these principles into practice. All actions
0.32 are very easy and pleasant.
0.32 Regarding how to overcome the inability to control the medicine,
0.32 today we only talk about the concept and not the specific operation methods,
0.32 that is, how to learn and how to improve one&;s knowledge level,
0.32 which are technically operational matters
0.32 . I won’t go into details today,
0.32 but some friends will ask. I’m watching this program just to know the
0.32 specific methods of overcoming the inability to control
0.32 myself. What’s the use of telling me your philosophy?
0.32 It is still very important to know the concept.
0.32 This is just like although a lot of information can be found through search engines now,
0.32 and you don’t have to memorize it by rote
0.32 , you must first know how to search,
0.32 such as which keywords to search for and in which direction to search.
0.32 So the same Understanding the concept of overcoming the inability to self-control
0.32 is like letting us know how to search.
0.32 For example, you first need to know that
0.32 the concept of overcoming given by Socrates is to improve your own knowledge level.
0.32 Then you will know how to search
0.32 efficiently. Let’s talk about some technical aspects of knowledge.
0.32 After introducing Socrates’ diagnosis and prescriptions,
0.32 let’s invite the next doctor
0.32 Plato to appear. We need to know what
0.32 the three sages of ancient Greece
0.32 , Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, actually are. All ethical rationalists
0.32 believe that how we live a good life in action
0.32 is based on reason and knowledge.
0.32 Therefore, they all agree with Socrates&; assertion in a sense that
0.32 knowing can do
0.32 so-called It’s just that we don’t really know but do not know.
0.32 However, the ethical rationalism Socrates put forward before is too strong and
0.32 belongs to a kind of strong ethical rationalism.
0.32 This kind of strong ethical rationalism is inevitably very counter-intuitive and counter-intuitive
0.32 to us. The phenomena encountered in daily life are incompatible.
0.32 Socrates simply did not admit that there is a phenomenon of knowing but not doing.
0.32 But after all, in our real life, there is
0.32 a phenomenon that we really know but can&;t do.
0.32 You Socrates can&;t say " "Knowing but not acting is just because you don&;t really know" and you
0.32 can just pass it by.
0.32 Then Plato and Aristotle
0.32 who are about to appear next, their work is to "save the phenomenon"
0.32 and to use Socrates&; strong ethical rationality.
0.32 Let&;s first listen to Plato&;s etiology diagnosis.
0.32 Socrates
0.32 believed that the reason
0.32 why people want something
0.32 is Because he knew theoretically that this thing was good,
0.32 but Plato diluted this hard stance
0.32 and added a more granular analysis.
0.32 Plato believed that sometimes
0.32 people want something that may have nothing to do with knowledge and reason,
0.32 but just It&;s out of desire.
0.32 Speaking of this, we need to introduce
0.32 the famous theory of three parts of the soul proposed by Plato.
0.32 This three parts of the soul means that the human soul is composed of three parts:
0.32 one is reason,
0.32 the other is blood, or translated as passion and
0.32 the third is passion. Desire
0.32 , the rational part of the soul, is concerned with reasoning,
0.32 that is, knowledge and reasoning.
0.32 The blood part of the soul is concerned with honor
0.32 , which means winning and being recognized by others in society,
0.32 which is what we Chinese call face
0.32 , or what we often say. Ruisi worships
0.32 that the object of concern of this part of the soul
0.32 is to make money and keep buying, buying, eating, playing, and
0.32 pursuing a comfortable and happy life
0.32 . Of course, Plato&;s theory of three parts of the soul is in his The famous work
0.32 "Utopia" proposes that
0.32 this is also a work of political philosophy.
0.32 According to Plato,
0.32 the structure of the human soul and the political structure of the city-state are isomorphic.
0.32 Philosophers are people whose souls
0.32 are dominated by reason. They are the most knowledgeable and reasonable people who love wisdom and seek truth.
0.32 Warriors and aristocrats are people whose souls are dominated by blood
0.32 . They all emphasize honor,
0.32 win, and have a sense of superiority.
0.32 However, the biggest pursuit of the common people is to eat, drink, have fun, and buy.
0.32 So how can we explain the problem of being unable to control ourselves according to this three-part soul
0.32 ?
0.32 That is, if your soul structure is dominated by reason,
0.32 and reason dominates blood and desires
0.32 , then this is a state of self-control. This is
0.32 the soul structure of a philosopher.
0.32 Then it corresponds to the city-state political system.
0.32 This city-state is ruled by the most reasonable people.
0.32 If a philosopher is the king
0.32 , then this city-state with the most reasonable person as the king
0.32 will achieve the best political structure, which is
0.32 the utopia.
0.32 But if
0.32 it is the other way around, if the masses collude with the warrior class and in turn dominate the rational
0.32 army, it will not be possible. Under the control of the Philosopher King,
0.32 the city-state will be in trouble.
0.32 This is reflected in the structure of the human soul, that is,
0.32 desire colludes with blood and in turn dominates reason,
0.32 making you know this truth rationally
0.32 but unable to play its role.
0.32 This makes you fall into You are in a situation where you cannot control yourself,
0.32 that is, you clearly know rationally that you should study and study today,
0.32 but your desire to watch short videos and watch young ladies
0.32 makes your rationality fail.
0.32 Plato also used another metaphor to illustrate the relationship between reason and desire. The relationship
0.32 is that this reason is equivalent to the person driving the horse in the carriage,
0.32 and the two horses in front of the carriage are equivalent to the blood and desire.
0.32 When the blood and desire obey the command of the horse driver,
0.32 the soul is in harmony. At this time, it is a situation of self-control
0.32 . If the horse does not obey the command of the driver,
0.32 then it means that the soul is not harmonious and will cause trouble,
0.32 and it will appear that it cannot control itself.
0.32 Finally, to summarize
0.32 Plato&;s diagnosis of the inability to control itself, it is
0.32 when your reason is obscured by desire.
0.32 The principles we knew failed
0.32 and could not be put into action.
0.32 After introducing the diagnosis of the disease given by Plato,
0.32 it is time to prescribe the medicine.
0.32 Since the cause of the inability to control is that desire colludes with blood and in turn dominates reason, then
0.32 what should we do? To overcome the inability to self-control is to restore the dominant position of reason,
0.32 which is to cultivate a philosopher-like soul structure.
0.32 In short, how to overcome the inability to self-control
0.32 is to become a philosopher.
0.32 You must know that there is a strong sense of philosopher supremacy in Plato&;s philosophy.
0.32 Of course, this
0.32 is also consistent with the ancient Greek literati’s neurotic worship of knowledge and reason that
0.32 we talked about before . Since knowledge and reason are the best things in the world,
0.32 then the most knowledgeable people in the world,
0.32 that is, philosophers, are the best. Philosophers
0.32 are good at everything.
0.32 This kind of person is the wisest, the best,
0.32 the happiest, and the best at getting along.
0.32 This kind of person should be the king. As I
0.32 said before, a city-state with the best person as king is the best city-state.
0.32 The logic is very self-consistent.
0.32 So for the best human philosopher,
0.32 his desires are completely blocked by reason, and
0.32 smart reason takes the high ground.
0.32 He can completely control himself,
0.32 and there will definitely be no problem of being unable to control
0.32 himself . So how to cultivate a person? What about philosophers?
0.32 In Plato&;s view, children from ordinary people&;s families are hopeless and
0.32 cannot be cultivated. If they don&;t have that ability,
0.32 we should select suitable people for training
0.32 among the children from warrior noble families.
0.32 First of all, you must stimulate your blood through physical education classes.
0.32 If you have blood, you will not be weak-willed
0.32 , but At the same time, you have to take music classes to regulate your blood and energy,
0.32 and ultimately make your blood and rationality form an alliance so that your
0.32 blood and energy can be used by reason.
0.32 Then you have to take cultural classes.
0.32 Cultural classes are to limit your cognitive level to the cognition of specific things. When it
0.32 comes to understanding abstract things,
0.32 learning mathematics is a good entry point.
0.32 You need to learn algebra first, then plane geometry and solid geometry.
0.32 After learning mathematics, you need to learn astronomy.
0.32 At the end, you need to learn dialectics
0.32 and so on. If you learn it well,
0.32 you can become a philosopher.
0.32 Plato clearly pointed out that the philosopher&;s soul is in a state of complete harmony,
0.32 that is, the blood and desires are completely dominated by reason.
0.32 It is impossible for a philosopher to be unable to control himself due to the dominance of physical desires. If
0.32 philosophers act completely based on reason,
0.32 then some people may question whether
0.32 philosophers are noble, noble, great, and great
0.32 . Philosophers are not ordinary people.
0.32 Can a philosopher really live in a world away from the world?
0.32 When a philosopher sees the young lady in the short video,
0.32 he has no such worldly desires at all?
0.32 Then Plato will firmly answer you,
0.32 yes, philosophers do not have such worldly desires.
0.32 This does not mean that Plato’s so-called philosophers are all robots.
0.32 It does not mean that philosophers have no desires.
0.32 Philosophers also have desires.
0.32 It is just that philosophers experience more power. , the more lasting desire is the
0.32 love of knowledge.
0.32 You must know that in Plato’s philosophy,
0.32 including the philosophy of the Three Sages of Ancient Greece that we are talking about today,
0.32 there is such a setting
0.32 , that is, philosophical hedonism
0.32 , which means that the happiness brought by knowledge is The greatest happiness in the world
0.32 , so the ancient Greek word "philosophy" means love of wisdom Philo-Sophia.
0.32 The greatest love of philosophers is the love of wisdom, which is the desire for knowledge .
0.32 Everyone knows that seeking knowledge is
0.32 also a kind of love and is a kind of
0.32 love. The most crazy kind of love,
0.32 which is equivalent to saying that
0.32 knowledge is a kind of pornography for philosophers. Pursuing
0.32 knowledge and reasoning will attract you like pornography,
0.32 making you addicted to learning and unable to extricate yourself.
0.32 Pursuing knowledge can bring you into a kind of
0.32 enlightenment . , enlightenment, and a state of ecstasy connected to eternity.
0.32 The happiness experienced in this state
0.32 is much happier than eating delicacies from the mountains and sea and watching videos of young ladies.
0.32 Once you have experienced this high-level happiness, then
0.32 eating delicacies from the mountains and sea and watching videos The happiness brought by a young lady will not be so fragrant, and
0.32 you will no longer be tied down by the happiness brought by such low-level desires. This
0.32 is just like what Plato said in the metaphor of the cave
0.32 in "The Republic".
0.32 It is you. Once you have walked out of the cave
0.32 and seen the real world outside,
0.32 you will not want to descend back into the cave
0.32 and compete with the prisoners in the cave to point at the false shadows.
0.32 Then someone will ask, since philosophy makes people so happy. Why
0.32 do we rarely see people in real life addicted to learning and unable to extricate themselves?
0.32 The answer is that they can&;t be addicted and don&;t have the ability. You
0.32 must know that addiction to knowledge requires training.
0.32 As we said before,
0.32 you must first train through music and sports to harmonize your blood.
0.32 Then you can become a philosopher
0.32 through
0.32 a complete set of training in mathematics, astronomy, and dialectics. A person who can experience eroticism from seeking knowledge
0.32 is, in the words of Confucius, "a person who loves virtue is like a lustful person."
0.32 Reading and studying is as happy as watching a young lady.
0.32 If you had told me earlier that I would study and study,
0.32 then I wouldn&;t be sleepy,
0.32 so let&;s go back.
0.32 If we want to overcome the situation of being unable to control ourselves and knowing but not doing, we
0.32 must train ourselves
0.32 to become philosophers. When we become philosophers, the principles we know rationally
0.32 will become something similar to pornography, giving us a strong motivation to do it. By practicing
0.32 this, you will be able to reach a state similar to what Confucius said: "Follow your heart&;s desires without exceeding the rules." The
0.32 "desire" here in Plato refers to the high-level desire for knowledge and reasoning. The
0.32 "moment" here in Plato refers to reason. For
0.32 philosophers, reason and desire are combined into one,
0.32 that is, the philosopher acts completely according to his instinctive desires
0.32 without deliberately conforming to any norms,
0.32 but the actions he takes are very consistent with the requirements of reason
0.32 . The unity of knowledge and action is truly realized.
0.32 This is Plato’s prescription for overcoming the inability to control oneself.
0.32 After introducing Plato’s diagnosis and prescription,
0.32 let’s invite the next doctor,
0.32 Aristotle.
0.32 We said before that the three sages of ancient Greece were all ethical rationalists,
0.32 but Socrates&; ethical rationalism was too tough
0.32 and incompatible with some phenomena in our daily lives
0.32 . So Plato added the factor of desire
0.32 and made some more granular changes. Detailed analysis
0.32 , and Aristotle diluted it again based on Plato and
0.32 gave some more granular analysis,
0.32 making the uncontrollable philosophical analysis more down-to-earth.
0.32 Raphael&;s "Athenology" In the painting "Garden",
0.32 Plato is floating in the sky with one finger,
0.32 while Aristotle is more down
0.32 -to-earth with just one finger.
0.32 This Plato only knows how to talk about philosophy when he is there all day long,
0.32 but he can have the king. How many people can become philosophers?
0.32 So the market positioning of your theory is that it is a niche game with low emotional intelligence.
0.32 So Aristotle needs to
0.32 make this niche game more down-to-earth and more down-to-earth.
0.32 Next, let’s talk about it. Let’s listen to Aristotle’s diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control ourselves.
0.32 First of all, like Plato,
0.32 Aristotle also believes that the inability to control ourselves is also due to desire’s covering of reason.
0.32 Rationally, we clearly know that we are at risk of three highs
0.32 and we should not eat too much.
0.32 But desire makes us unable to control our mouths when we see sweets, and we can&;t stop eating them
0.32 . Aristotle described it as a
0.32 phenomenon of inability to control caused by this desire&;s covering of reason,
0.32 you know .
0.32 A situation of knowledge but no application
0.32 is that yes, you know that you should not eat too many sweets
0.32 , but the reason why you cannot control yourself is because this knowledge has not been really used.
0.32 This is like having a lot of knowledge stored in a hard drive
0.32 , including what is not. You should eat too many sweets, you should study hard,
0.32 you should not smoke, and you should break up with that scumbag.
0.32 These knowledge are all stored in the hard drive
0.32 , but why did you take the opposite action despite having this knowledge?
0.32 It&;s because when you act, the knowledge in the hard disk is not called into the memory. What is
0.32 active in the memory is desire,
0.32 and the knowledge that is not called into the memory
0.32 is in a dormant state.
0.32 Why can desire compete with reason for memory?
0.32 What form does this struggle for memory take?
0.32 This struggle for memory can be expressed through a method of logical analysis,
0.32 which requires the use of Aristotle&;s special skill of syllogism.
0.32 We all know
0.32 that Aristotle invented the syllogism, a method of logical analysis. Of
0.32 course, Aristotle also used syllogism to analyze the causes of inability to control himself.
0.32 Aristotle believed that
0.32 human actions and practices can also be described as a syllogism.
0.32 For example, you usually have such a large practical syllogism stored in your hard drive.
0.32 The premise is that I shouldn&;t eat sweets.
0.32 The major premise of syllogism is a general judgment,
0.32 while the minor premise is a judgment about a specific thing.
0.32 That is, the object A in front of me is a sweet.
0.32 So the major premise combined with the minor premise will inevitably lead to the conclusion.
0.32 I don&;t This is the logic that you should eat food A.
0.32 But what happens if you are in a situation where you cannot control yourself?
0.32 You must know that unlike Plato
0.32 and Aristotle, desire can be mixed with reason.
0.32 In Aristotle&;s case,
0.32 desire is a desire that can use the power of reason to reason,
0.32 and it is also a syllogism expression of desire
0.32 that can play syllogisms. The
0.32 major premise is that all sweets are delicious and
0.32 the minor premise is that the item A in front of me is a sweet.
0.32 The inferred conclusion is that I want to eat item A. So
0.32 what really works when you are in a situation where you cannot control yourself
0.32 is the syllogism of desire.
0.32 Instead of the rational syllogism,
0.32 we look at the syllogism of desire and the syllogism of rationality.
0.32 The minor premise of both is the same.
0.32 The key difference is that the major premise is different,
0.32 so the mechanism of the inability to control it is that
0.32 you originally have a rational syllogism in your hard drive
0.32 , but when you When you encounter the minor premise,
0.32 that is, when you see a piece of sweets in front of you,
0.32 desire suddenly arises.
0.32 The major premise of the rational syllogism is snatched away,
0.32 so that the original major premise of rationality
0.32 is tampered with into the major premise of desire
0.32 , so it is deduced. I want to eat sweets.
0.32 So the memory grabbing metaphor we talked about before
0.32 is actually grabbing the major premise
0.32 under the analysis of Aristotle&;s syllogism.
0.32 This is
0.32 a simple summary of Aristotle&;s etiology analysis. I know it but can&;t do it
0.32 . Because desire has obscured knowledge,
0.32 your memory, or the major premise of your practical syllogism
0.32 has been robbed by desire, leaving
0.32 the knowledge you know theoretically dormant. After
0.32 introducing the etiology and diagnosis,
0.32 Aristotle will come to prescribe him. Aristotle &;s prescription is
0.32 not like Plato&;s, which
0.32 simply and crudely gave you a prescription for becoming a philosopher.
0.32 Aristotle&;s prescription is also more granular.
0.32 He gives a system of knowledge and practice
0.32 that can make you Kill monsters step by step and upgrade.
0.32 The highest level is a virtuous person.
0.32 If you simply understand the word "virtue" as a stable quality or habit in
0.32 a person ,
0.32 a virtuous person has already achieved the goal of "doing what one wants without going beyond the rules." The next
0.32 level is a self-controlled person.
0.32 In the struggle between rationality and desire,
0.32 reason wins the major premise or memory.
0.32 The next level is a person without self-control.
0.32 In the struggle between reason and desire,
0.32 desire snatches away the major premise or
0.32 the lowest level of memory. Level 1 is the indulger.
0.32 This kind of person is bent on indulgence.
0.32 So what are the classification criteria for these four types of people?
0.32 When we put it into a coordinate axis, it becomes clear at a glance. One end
0.32 of the horizontal axis of this coordinate axis
0.32 is without struggle and the other end is with struggle. One end
0.32 of the vertical axis of the coordinate axis
0.32 is reason in the dominant position and the other end is desire in the dominant position.
0.32 So just mentioned The four types of people mentioned above can be placed in these four quadrants.
0.32 Let’s first look at the second and third quadrants on the left.
0.32 Self-controlled people and non-self-controlled people are the same in this regard.
0.32 They have experienced inner struggles
0.32 and encountered the minor premise. That is,
0.32 when a piece of sweets appears in front of
0.32 me, there is a battle between heaven and man. Do I want to eat this piece of sweets
0.32 ? The difference is that the self-control person wins the major premise through rationality,
0.32 while the main premise of the self-control person is snatched away by desire.
0.32 Well, let’s look at it again. The four-quadrant
0.32 virtuous person and the indulgent person are the same in this regard.
0.32 There is no inner struggle between these two types of people. They are
0.32 very self-consistent and have no entanglement at all.
0.32 This virtuous person is actually the philosopher described by Plato.
0.32 He follows his heart&;s desires and does not go beyond
0.32 the rules . He acts arbitrarily according to his instincts
0.32 , but the actions he takes are very consistent with the requirements of rationality. The
0.32 same is true for the indulger, who has no inner struggle at all
0.32 and does not pay attention to any norms,
0.32 but the actions he takes are completely the opposite of rationality
0.32 . To eat sweets is to eat them fiercely. When you see cigarettes,
0.32 you are to smoke them fiercely. You are to torture each other with the scumbag and stay together forever.
0.32 We mentioned before that the two kinds of practical syllogisms
0.32 are the rational syllogism and the desire syllogism.
0.32 In fact, the indulgent person also has his own syllogism.
0.32 This is the big version of the indulgent syllogism. The premise is that I should eat sweets.
0.32 The minor premise is that the item A in front of me is a sweet.
0.32 The conclusion is that I want to eat item A.
0.32 Let us see that when the indulger encounters the minor premise,
0.32 that is, when he sees a piece of sweets in front of him,
0.32 the indulger does not worry
0.32 about it at all . He picked up the fight and ate
0.32 it without feeling any regret after finishing it
0.32 , because this is in line with the main premise that he has always held.
0.32 People originally feel that they need to eat more sweets,
0.32 so this kind of person is a virtuous person at heart. It is also very self-consistent,
0.32 but Aristotle believes that indulgence is the worst.
0.32 It is worse than being unable to control yourself. Why?
0.32 Because people who cannot control themselves still have ideological struggles and are entangled.
0.32 Although the struggle fails, it
0.32 means that others still struggle. People who can&;t control themselves still want to be good in their hearts,
0.32 while indulgent people don&;t worry about it at all
0.32 because they don&;t want to be good at all.
0.32 Such indulgent people are completely ruined.
0.32 This messed-up situation is the worst in Aristotle&;s opinion. If not,
0.32 let’s give an example to illustrate
0.32 that this is equivalent to your plan to learn philosophy on a short video website.
0.32 After the last philosophy video was played,
0.32 the system pushed you a short video of a young lady.
0.32 Then you crossed out the young lady’s video
0.32 because you rationally thought that you should quickly draw out the next philosophy video and continue studying.
0.32 Pay attention to those who are virtuous. The movements of the self-control person are the same.
0.32 They move their thumbs to gently scratch away the video of the young lady.
0.32 However, the virtuous person scratches away naturally
0.32 without any waves in his heart
0.32 because he has no such worldly desires at all
0.32 . Although the creator quickly swiped away the video of the little sister
0.32 , within the 0.01 second when he moved his thumb, he
0.32 went through an arduous struggle in his heart.
0.32 I really want to watch the little sister, I really want to watch
0.32 it, but I can’t. I want to study philosophy.
0.32 In short, I have to go through a struggle.
0.32 This is the difference between a virtuous person and a self-controlled person.
0.32 The difference between a self-controlled person and a person who cannot control himself is that
0.32 through struggle, the person who controls himself can move his thumb
0.32 . The thumb of the person who does not control himself seems to be malfunctioning. I can&;t exercise,
0.32 but those who indulge are actively seeking
0.32 , actively searching, actively liking, and actively collecting
0.32 the young lady&;s videos . I can&;t
0.32 stop watching them for 8 hours in a row, and I still don&;t feel any regret after
0.32 seeing the whole screen filled with recommendations. They are all young lady videos
0.32 and they say smugly
0.32 , hey, big data understands me. I have
0.32 finally mastered my level 8 account.
0.32 So let’s talk
0.32 about the division of these four levels of knowledge and action.
0.32 First, you have to find your positioning
0.32 and then you can go from low level to high level. The advanced step-by-step upgrade
0.32 is the movement and upgrade from the fourth quadrant to the first quadrant.
0.32 In the final analysis, it is to practice from a state where rationality is obscured by desire
0.32 to a state where rationality dominates one&;s knowledge and action.
0.32 After talking about the direction of this cultivation
0.32 , What kind of practice is it specifically?
0.32 The method of cultivation is to truly internalize knowledge and
0.32 form a stable quality in oneself,
0.32 which is what we call virtue.
0.32 Aristotle gave an example
0.32 and said that a person who knows clearly but cannot do it
0.32 is not actually true. This
0.32 is just like a drunk person can recite poetry
0.32 , or an actor is reciting lines
0.32 , or a child is reciting Tang poetry and Song lyrics fluently.
0.32 Does he really understand the knowledge he is reciting?
0.32 There is no real understanding.
0.32 According to Aristotle,
0.32 true knowledge is a kind of internalized knowledge.
0.32 Knowledge is like growing in one&;s own body, forming a stable state
0.32 and becoming one&;s second instinct, or called the second instinct. 2. Naturally,
0.32 this is what we often call
0.32 habits becoming natural. So
0.32 how to internalize knowledge into a stable quality?
0.32 This point reflects
0.32 the difference between the knowledge views of Aristotle and his masters. Socrates and
0.32 Plato believe that knowledge
0.32 is more of a theoretical knowledge and a kind of contemplation.
0.32 Just study mathematics in a small study. After astronomy proves the method, you can become a philosopher,
0.32 and then becoming a philosopher can unite knowledge and action.
0.32 Aristotle believes that the practical field of human beings is also reasonable,
0.32 that is to say, practice is also a kind of knowledge
0.32 , and the acquisition of practical knowledge
0.32 is This is not achieved by studying hard or hiding in a small room to meditate
0.32 , but by constantly doing things to develop a stable habit and quality.
0.32 This especially shows that Aristotle is more down-to-earth than Socrates and Plato
0.32 . Aristotle also specifically satirized Socrates and Plato&;s views on knowledge.
0.32 Aristotle said that
0.32 we introduced Aristotle&;s practical philosophy
0.32 in the big issue program "The Reclining Scroll Controversy" and we will mention it again here.
0.32 The knowledge in the
0.32 practical field is internalized in one&;s own body by constantly doing things.
0.32 The knowledge gained in this way is a kind of true knowledge.
0.32 By constantly doing things, you will gradually train a kind of practical wisdom. Phronesis
0.32 simply means that you will enter a kind of practical wisdom. This kind of practical wisdom is a state where the brain can do things right.
0.32 It is not like arithmetic, which can be reasoned on paper.
0.32 You have to keep doing things
0.32 to develop such a sense.
0.32 For example, how? To treat people correctly,
0.32 you have to keep doing it. You
0.32 may have hit a wall a few times before
0.32 , but the more you treat people,
0.32 you will develop a sense of how to treat people.
0.32 Next time you treat others,
0.32 you will be able to make people feel like you without thinking. We were very happy to get along.
0.32 In Aristotle’s words,
0.32 this kind of person has practical wisdom.
0.32 So let’s talk about it.
0.32 If you have this kind of practical wisdom that can do things right with just your brain,
0.32 then the knowledge is equivalent to growing on you. Aristotle
0.32 believes that such people with practical wisdom
0.32 will never be unable to control themselves.
0.32 Let’s go back to the previous metaphor to summarize Aristotle’s views.
0.32 If
0.32 we say that knowing It doesn&;t work because the knowledge stored in the hard disk has not been called into the memory
0.32 and is therefore in a dormant state.
0.32 The way to make the knowledge easy to call is to
0.32 internalize
0.32 the principles that you clearly understand
0.32 and become a habit in yourself by constantly doing things
0.32 . The call will be as smooth and comfortable as calling the shortcut. When
0.32 you practice all the shortcuts dominated by reason,
0.32 you will truly realize the unity of knowledge and action, and do what you want without going beyond the rules.
0.32 Well, after talking about Aristotle, let&;s come back to it at the end. Let’s sort out
0.32 the clues of the development of the views of the three ancient Greek sages on the problem of being unable to control themselves.
0.32 In fact, these three people are all ethical rationalists. They
0.32 all believe in the power of knowledge
0.32 , and therefore they all agree with Socrates’ assertion
0.32 that knowing but not acting is because there is no real truth. Knowing
0.32 true knowledge can definitely be implemented.
0.32 However, both Plato and Aristotle
0.32 gave a more common-sense explanation of what "true knowledge" is.
0.32 Plato added the factor of desire
0.32 , so to achieve "true knowledge", it is necessary to allow reason to dominate desire
0.32 . Aristotle added the factor of practical knowledge
0.32 , so to achieve "real knowledge" one must cultivate one&;s own practical wisdom.
0.32 This is not only enough to learn theoretical knowledge,
0.32 but also needs to develop a stable quality and habit by constantly doing things.
0.32 Only in this way can we achieve the unity of knowledge and action.
0.32 Of course, this does not mean that Socrates&; statement is incomplete,
0.32 and that the later people&;s statements are more complete,
0.32 because Socrates also had reason to say
0.32 that when it was diluted later, it was muddled doctrine. In order
0.32 to bring out so many lower body factors to smooth things over,
0.32 do we Greeks need to talk about the ideals and beliefs of pure knowledge? So you still need to make up your mind
0.32 which of the suggestions of these three ancient Greek experts is more reasonable.
0.32 After introducing the three ancient Greek
0.32 experts, Xian&;s view
0.32 Next, as we enter the modern era,
0.32 we invite the Scottish philosopher
0.32 David. Hume appears as
0.32 David. Hume was a Scottish philosopher in the 18th century.
0.32 He and Adam. Smith, Francis. Hutcheson
0.32 and Thomas. Reed and others led the Scottish Enlightenment. So
0.32 what would Hume, a modern philosopher after the Enlightenment,
0.32 think about the problem of being unable to control himself?
0.32 Well, let’s first introduce Hume’s diagnosis of the etiology of the inability to control ourselves.
0.32 Hume’s diagnosis of the etiology of the inability to control ourselves
0.32 must first start with his criticism of ethical rationalism.
0.32 Hume believed that the three ancient Greek sages introduced earlier were all wrong in their diagnosis of the causes of the inability to control themselves.
0.32 Because the prescriptions they prescribe are simply not right.
0.32 The fundamental reason is that
0.32 the ethical rationalism they are based on is wrong.
0.32 We have said before that
0.32 ethical rationalism particularly emphasizes the decisive role of reason in people&;s actions
0.32 and emphasizes how we should act in a reasonable way
0.32 . Only by clarifying it theoretically
0.32 can you take correct actions in practice.
0.32 But Hume asked,
0.32 can reason really lead to people&;s actions? Do
0.32 people take an action
0.32 because they first thought it through logically?
0.32 Hume does not believe that reason plays any role in human actions.
0.32 Hume believes that the role of reason
0.32 is only reflected in the following two aspects
0.32 : one is reasoning about the relationship between concepts,
0.32 and the other is reasoning about facts.
0.32 This is the so-called Hume&;s cross.
0.32 The former kind of reasoning about the relationship between concepts
0.32 is actually the knowledge of mathematics and logic.
0.32 For example, 2+3=5
0.32 or if a is greater than b and b is greater than c
0.32 , then a must be greater than c.
0.32 These are all relationships between pure concepts.
0.32 The second kind of reasoning about facts is mainly the knowledge of natural sciences
0.32 , including physics and chemistry. , biology, social science, etc.
0.32 , that is, to study the causal relationship between things,
0.32 Hume asked about the role of these two aspects of reason.
0.32 Which point can motivate us to act?
0.32 Is it knowledge of mathematical logic or knowledge of natural science?
0.32 It&;s like saying that you discovered through observation
0.32 that there is a watermelon in your home this summer.
0.32 There is a refrigerator next to the watermelon.
0.32 Then you draw a conclusion through careful calculation and reasoning.
0.32 There are three steps to install the watermelon in the refrigerator.
0.32 The first step is to open the refrigerator door. Open
0.32 the second step and put the watermelon in.
0.32 The third step is to close the refrigerator door.
0.32 But can you deduce by relying on these observations, calculations, and reasoning alone
0.32 that you will really take the action of putting the watermelon in the refrigerator?
0.32 What doesn&;t
0.32 motivate you to put the watermelon in the refrigerator
0.32 is your emotion and desire to eat iced watermelon. You
0.32 must know that whether it is knowledge of mathematical logic or knowledge of natural science,
0.32 where rationality comes into play, it belongs to the field of facts,
0.32 that is, about " The proposition "should it be
0.32 " and our action is the proposition
0.32 "should it be". I know this is a watermelon. The proposition "should it be"
0.32 and the proposition "should I eat this watermelon"
0.32 are completely different things
0.32 . So This can well explain
0.32 why many people understand a lot of principles and have a rich reserve of knowledge
0.32 , but they know nothing.
0.32 Because knowing and doing belong to completely different fields.
0.32 Knowing does not lead to doing.
0.32 What causes our actions
0.32 is not rationality but emotion .
0.32 It seems that your wife Xiaofang asked you
0.32 why you chose to marry me instead of Xiaoyuan?
0.32 You opened your straight man&;s notebook.
0.32 On the left page, the advantages and disadvantages of marrying Xiaofang are written.
0.32 On the right page, the advantages and disadvantages of marrying Xiaoyuan are written.
0.32 Then when you add them up, the net benefit of marrying Xiaofang is greater than marrying Xiaoyuan. The net income
0.32 is so the solution to this problem is to marry Xiaofang.
0.32 You licked your face and said to Xiaofang,
0.32 "Hey wife
0.32 , look at how objective and rational
0.32 this math problem is.
0.32 If you want to say that, you will probably have to kneel on the computer motherboard all night.
0.32 Don&;t do it." Reason with your wife.
0.32 This does not mean that your wife is unreasonable.
0.32 It means that the practical
0.32 reason for people&;s actions does not make sense.
0.32 According to Hume, you should give such an answer.
0.32 I don&;t know why
0.32 , although from a rational perspective To put it bluntly, you are not as beautiful as Xiaoyuan,
0.32 your figure is not as good as hers, your academic qualifications are not as high as hers,
0.32 I understand
0.32 , but there is always an inexplicable, irrational, and uncontrollable emotion in my heart.
0.32 I just want to be with you. Together,
0.32 my wife, I love you.
0.32 Do you think this month&;s living expenses are right?
0.32 Brothers, please put "Learned" on the public screen.
0.32 We say that
0.32 it is not reason but emotion that promotes action. This is what Hume
0.32 proposed in contrast to ethical rationalism.
0.32 An ethics of ethical emotionalism.
0.32 Ethical emotionalism emphasizes that
0.32 it is emotions and desires that prompt our actions rather than rationality.
0.32 I&;m being told that the relationship between you and your wife is a Platonic one.
0.32 In fact, isn&;t it just because you were driven by lust in the first place? I want to be with her.
0.32 So what role can rationality play in our actions?
0.32 The role of reason is only to help emotions,
0.32 that is, when you fall in love with Xiaofang,
0.32 pay attention to the fact that you first have the emotion of falling in love with Xiaofang and wanting to be with her. This emotion
0.32 will lead you to pursue her,
0.32 and then your Only when rationality begins to calculate and reason,
0.32 should you send Xiaofang roses or chrysanthemums,
0.32 what strategy can you adopt to successfully achieve
0.32 the emotionally set goal of wanting to be with her
0.32 ? But no matter what strategy you rationally reason out,
0.32 you will be prompted to act. What Hume said
0.32 is your emotion.
0.32 So Hume completely reversed ethical rationalism.
0.32 According to ethical rationalism
0.32 , remember the Plato&;s metaphor mentioned earlier
0.32 ? The horse driver is at the helm and directs where the horse should go.
0.32 In Hume&;s case, the relationship is immediate. It&;s the other way around.
0.32 Instead of the horse driver controlling the horse&;s direction,
0.32 it&;s just a husky dragging the dog leader forward.
0.32 Can&;t anyone agree that
0.32 the status of reason is so low? Can reason only be a slave to emotion?
0.32 No, we often find situations where reason and emotion are in conflict with each other.
0.32 For example, reason tells me that I shouldn’t eat sweets,
0.32 but emotion and desire make me unable to control my mouth and want to eat sweets.
0.32 This is Plato and Ari. What is the situation of inability to control that Stottle talks about? So
0.32 how would Hume diagnose this so-called situation of inability to control himself?
0.32 Hume said that this is not a battle between reason and emotion.
0.32 The slave and the master are inseparable.
0.32 It is a battle between emotion and emotion.
0.32 You can&;t control your mouth and want to eat sweets. This is one emotion
0.32 and another. On the one hand, you feel that you should not eat sweets.
0.32 This does not come from your rationality
0.32 but from another emotion.
0.32 You are afraid that you will get high if you eat too many sweets.
0.32 This is a fear of death emotion.
0.32 This is greed and fear of death. There is a battle between these two emotions.
0.32 In the end, whether you eat sweets or not eat
0.32 depends on these two conflicting emotions. In the end, whoever wins,
0.32 then the next question is
0.32 what kind of emotion is there? Only when you win in the struggle can you say that you cannot control yourself.
0.32 How can you say that if the emotion of fear of death wins, then it means that you cannot control
0.32 yourself, and if you win the emotion of greed, you cannot control yourself?
0.32 What is the criterion for distinction?
0.32 In this regard, Patrick Fleming, a philosophy professor
0.32 at James Madison University, believes that such a dichotomy of emotional desire can be added to Hume&;s philosophy,
0.32 so that we can distinguish what is self-control and what is incapable of self-control.
0.32 These two kinds of desires are the real desires. And the current desire,
0.32 really want & locally want,
0.32 the meaning of these two desires is the literal meaning,
0.32 one is the real desire
0.32 , the other is just the immediate, current desire.
0.32 When the two emotional desires fight,
0.32 the real desire wins, which is the self-control
0.32 of the current desire. If you win, you cannot control yourself
0.32 well. So now the question becomes
0.32 how to distinguish these two desires?
0.32 Hasn&;t Hume completely removed rationality from people&;s practical field?
0.32 So why can we say that reading and studying is the real desire
0.32 and watching short videos is the current desire?
0.32 Why do you say that watching short videos and watching young ladies
0.32 is not what I really want from the bottom of my heart?
0.32 You are not a roundworm in my belly.
0.32 How do you know what I really want?
0.32 I don’t even know what I really want.
0.32 Let’s take a look at a more difficult case.
0.32 Note that the woman in the case is called Xiaomei.
0.32 Xiaomei has a rare disease
0.32 . If she doesn’t get an injection, she will die.
0.32 She is still very young and super desperate. She is alive
0.32 but she is super afraid of injections
0.32 . Every time Xiaomei goes to the hospital for an injection,
0.32 when the doctor approaches her with a needle, she will say
0.32 oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, let’s not take the injection this time.
0.32 I am so scared that I go home first. Every time It&;s all like this
0.32 , but I feel very upset when I get home because if I don&;t get the injection, I will really die.
0.32 The problem is
0.32 how do we determine what Xiaomei&;s real desire is?
0.32 Is it the desire to live or the desire to avoid injections?
0.32 The standard of distinction is that
0.32 we can observe a person&;s other actions to determine what the person really desires.
0.32 For example, although Xiaomei
0.32 runs away every time she goes to the hospital for an injection because of fear of needles
0.32 , we also have to look at Xiaomei. What did she do at other times and on other occasions
0.32 ? For example, after she escaped home, she beat her chest every time and fell into deep regret.
0.32 For example, Xiaomei went to the temple every now and then to pray to gods and Buddhas in the hope of immortality.
0.32 Another example is Xiaomei. I repost Koi every day in the hope of getting through the difficulties
0.32 . Although these actions may not help achieve her goals
0.32 , compared to Xiaomei refusing injections in the hospital
0.32 , Xiaomei wants to live on more occasions and for a longer period of time.
0.32 So this "more occasions, longer time" is enough to judge that
0.32 the desire to live is Xiaomei&;s real desire.
0.32 This is also in line with our common sense,
0.32 that is, the desire we really want is the long-term desire
0.32 rather than the immediate pleasure.
0.32 As the saying goes, the moment of pleasure in front of you is empty and melancholy,
0.32 and this empty melancholy is the feeling of regret after being unable to control yourself.
0.32 So in the end, Hume’s diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control is that
0.32 there is a conflict between real desire and current desire.
0.32 If the current desire overcomes The situation occurs when
0.32 real desires cannot be controlled
0.32 . After Hume&;s diagnosis of the cause,
0.32 it is time to prescribe a remedy.
0.32 If the cause of the inability to control is that the current desire obscures the true desire
0.32 , then the prescription Hume would prescribe is to
0.32 eliminate it . The current desires dominate us
0.32 and let the long-term real desires guide our actions.
0.32 But never forget that Hume&;s basic position is emotionalism.
0.32 Both current desires and real desires are just emotions.
0.32 This does not mean that real desires are more rational.
0.32 The current desires are more emotional.
0.32 Both are emotional,
0.32 and rationality has no role in it.
0.32 Therefore, unlike Socrates and Plato, those rationalists who
0.32 want to overcome their inability to control themselves cannot just put it aside and reason with themselves,
0.32 which makes no sense
0.32 . It is to use the emotion of fear of death to defeat, for example, the emotion of greed.
0.32 Simply put, it means
0.32 not to be rational but to be moved by emotion.
0.32 So how do you let one emotion defeat another emotion?
0.32 Speaking of this, Hume proposed three psychological rules to judge
0.32 which emotion will win the conflict and drive people&;s actions if
0.32 there are conflicting emotions
0.32 . The first principle is called the winner-takes-all principle.
0.32 In fact, this is an underlying mechanism.
0.32 That is to say, different emotions will eventually decide a winner. In the end, the
0.32 winning one will drive people&;s actions.
0.32 The losing one will be swallowed up and disappear.
0.32 It is impossible to eat sweets while fearing death
0.32 , then you will be schizophrenic.
0.32 This is an underlying mechanism. Winner takes all.
0.32 Specifically, which emotion will win mainly depends on the following two principles.
0.32 The second principle is called the habit principle,
0.32 which means that if an emotion is familiar to you,
0.32 you have experienced this emotion many times. If you have
0.32 this kind of emotion, you will be better able to win the fight and thus drive your actions.
0.32 It is always easy and easy for people to do some habitual repetitive actions.
0.32 The third principle is called the principle of concreteness,
0.32 which means that if there is an emotion that can be in your heart. If the impression that forms a particularly vivid image
0.32 is concrete
0.32 , then this kind of emotion can win the battle better.
0.32 For example, whether to donate money to the poor downstairs or to the poor in Africa
0.32 , most people will choose to donate to the downstairs
0.32 because you are interested in it. The feelings of the poor downstairs
0.32 are more direct and vivid.
0.32 Well, we already know the three principles of emotional struggle.
0.32 So what we have to do now
0.32 is to make good use of these three principles
0.32 to cultivate our true desires
0.32 so that they can win the present moment in the struggle. Let
0.32 ’s talk about this concrete principle of desire first. Why
0.32 do you think our current desires can often defeat our real desires,
0.32 leading to a situation where we cannot control ourselves?
0.32 The main reason is that real desires are often not concrete enough in the long term
0.32 . The sweets in front of us and the young ladies in the short videos we encounter now
0.32 are very specific.
0.32 So what we have to do is to make the long-term real desires
0.32 concrete.
0.32 Let yourself feel it vividly at this moment.
0.32 For example, when you are studying and studying, you can&;t help but watch short videos.
0.32 You must use the principle of concreteness
0.32 to imagine this desire to study and study in a particularly vivid and special way. Vividly
0.32 , for example, if you imagine that you will be
0.32 admitted to a good university
0.32 after getting high scores in the exam , just think about the scene of yourself running freely on the grass of the university campus.
0.32 The ancients did not say that
0.32 there is a golden house in the book. There is a beautiful face in the book. How
0.32 many of you? Thinking about Golden House and Yan Ruyu may make you more motivated to study and study.
0.32 And it is precisely because the real desire is often a long-term desire,
0.32 so we must also let ourselves look at the current actions from a long-term perspective,
0.32 such as now. There is a popular so-called three 10 rule,
0.32 that is, when you are in a situation where you cannot control yourself,
0.32 for example, when you are debating whether to study or watch short videos,
0.32 you might as well jump out and try to imagine the three 10s,
0.32 which is what if. How will
0.32 you feel about this decision 10 minutes after you decide to make one of them?
0.32 How will you feel about this decision 10 months later
0.32 ? How will you feel about this decision 10 years later
0.32 ? The three-10 rule ultimately allows you to escape from your current desires. Come out and
0.32 look
0.32 at your actions from the perspective of long-term desire.
0.32 In addition, when you want to fight against an immediate desire,
0.32 for example, you can&;t help but want to smoke,
0.32 you must also use the principle of concreteness
0.32 to control the desire to smoke. It is associated with a bad image,
0.32 which is why many cigarette packages now
0.32 have pictures of lungs rotting due to lung cancer to scare smokers.
0.32 Similarly, you imagine the girl in the short video is a big dog. Pig&;s trotters,
0.32 big pig&;s hooves, what are you doing?
0.32 Then you may think that Yan Ruyu in the book is more beautiful.
0.32 After talking about principle 3, let’s talk about principle 2.
0.32 We can also use the habit principle to cultivate our real desires.
0.32 This is a bit like Aristotle’s virtue. The development of education
0.32 is to start with small things and slowly develop a sense of familiarity
0.32 . For example, if you have a fear of speaking in public,
0.32 even if it is a particularly important speech, you always run away,
0.32 just like this little beauty who is afraid of injections,
0.32 then you should find it first Your parents, wife, and children will speak for you first,
0.32 and then find a few friends to speak to them again
0.32 . When you gradually develop a familiarity with public speaking and it becomes a habit, what
0.32 happens when you do it in front of dozens or hundreds of people? When giving a speech,
0.32 you will be more comfortable and accustomed to it.
0.32 After cultivating your long-term desire into a more dominant emotion
0.32 through the principle of concreteness and habituation,
0.32 then according to principle 1, the winner takes
0.32 all principle, stage fright, smoking, brushing Short-term desires such as short videos and eating sweets
0.32 will be eliminated, and
0.32 your long-term desires will be able to dominate your will and drive your actions.
0.32 In this way, you can overcome the inability to control yourself.
0.32 In short, according to Hume&;s plan,
0.32 you should be moved by emotion rather than by dawn. To make sense,
0.32 you need to treat yourself like a baby.
0.32 Can you and the baby make sense?
0.32 If it doesn&;t make sense
0.32 , you have to coax it or scare it
0.32 so that the baby can grow up healthily.
0.32 Now that I&;ve introduced Hume&;s diagnosis and prescription,
0.32 let&;s go on . Please invite the next doctor
0.32 Freud to appear.
0.32 The format of our program today is an expert consultation.
0.32 Of course, this is more of a metaphor.
0.32 Comparing philosophers to doctors of human thought
0.32 , but the philosophers we have appeared today There is really a doctor
0.32 in the family
0.32 , a doctor doctor (a real doctor and not just a doctor of philosophy).
0.32 This is Freud.
0.32 Freud was originally a neurologist.
0.32 He later gradually transformed into a philosopher or thinker
0.32 . Later theories are all based on his early clinical experience.
0.32 Now let&;s listen to this serious doctor Freud&;s
0.32 diagnosis of the cause of the problem of self-control.
0.32 Of course, it is still the same as the previous philosophers.
0.32 To explain clearly Freud&;s diagnosis of the cause of the inability to control himself,
0.32 we still need to understand the basic concepts of Freud&;s theory.
0.32 Of course, Freud, as the founder of a school of psychology,
0.32 is also the founder of the school of psychoanalysis.
0.32 His specific The psychological theory of Freud
0.32 has received a lot of criticism in today&;s mainstream empirical psychology circles
0.32 , but we have to say that as a thinker, Freud
0.32 &;s influence of Freudianism is huge.
0.32 Some scholars have commented that Freud Doctrine is one of the most influential ideas of the 20th century,
0.32 second only to Marxism and Darwinism.
0.32 Let’s look at the reasons why they have huge influence.
0.32 It&;s because their theories are revolutionary. They
0.32 overturned a tradition and opened up a new three-dimensional view for mankind.
0.32 The same goes for Freud. His theories are also revolutionary.
0.32 He brought a new perspective to the Western ideological world&;s view of human beings. There are two major reversals.
0.32 The first reversal is in a sense inherited from Hume&;s reversal of ethical rationalism.
0.32 However, Freud pushed this anti-rationalism to an extreme.
0.32 In Hume&;s case, it is not dominated by human reason. It is people
0.32 &;s emotions that dominate people,
0.32 and with Freud, what
0.32 dominates people are those unknown and indescribable instinctive desires deep in people&;s hearts.
0.32 These instincts are mainly sexual instincts and aggressive instincts
0.32 , which are those who want something delicious when they see it. When he
0.32 sees a pretty girl, he will go up to her to have offspring with her. When he
0.32 sees a potential sexual competitor, he will go up and beat him to death.
0.32 In short, it is very pornographic and violent.
0.32 Freud called these primitive instincts libido
0.32 . It is these very pornographic and violent libidos that are driving your actions.
0.32 You may not agree
0.32 that I am a very pure and healthy person
0.32 and it is those very pornographic and violent instincts that are driving my actions.
0.32 I definitely disagree.
0.32 We have all been educated in ideological and moral education since we were young.
0.32 I don’t even think about those very pornographic and violent things in my mind,
0.32 so how can they control my actions?
0.32 This brings us to the second major reversal that Freud brought to Western thought. It
0.32 can also be said that the more important reversal
0.32 is that he proposed an important concept:
0.32 unconsciousness
0.32 . Simply put, what you think you think is what you think. ?
0.32 You must know that most of the things that really drive our actions
0.32 are unconscious.
0.32 You are not consciously aware of your own rationality.
0.32 This is the famous iceberg model, which
0.32 says that the human mental structure is like an iceberg.
0.32 People can consciously realize it. It&;s just a small part that surfaces,
0.32 but there&;s a huge part below the surface. This is the unconscious. The
0.32 unconscious is something you don&;t know but it actually dominates your actions.
0.32 Why can&;t we ourselves be consciously aware of the motivations for our actions?
0.32 That&;s because there is a defense mechanism in your mental structure.
0.32 The task of this defense mechanism is to prevent those
0.32 indescribable primitive instincts deep in your heart from being consciously realized by you.
0.32 What does this mean?
0.32 This is equivalent to having a reviewer living in your heart.
0.32 As the tip of the iceberg on the water, you are just a spectator.
0.32 This reviewer is always reviewing
0.32 all kinds of indescribable pornographic content uploaded in the background. Violent videos
0.32 , but sometimes the reviewer is too busy to take down those indescribable videos
0.32 , but he can at least call them back and ask the uploader to change the title
0.32 , for example, to "Learning about dressing knowledge" and it will pass the review
0.32 and be used as a video. Audience, you clicked on the video after seeing this title.
0.32 In fact, deep down in your heart, you just want to watch the young lady’s video,
0.32 but you will always throw out three consecutive denials:
0.32 I’m not, I don’t, don’t talk nonsense,
0.32 I just come to the knowledge area to learn knowledge. Moreover
0.32 , the auditor&;s work is also carried out unconsciously. At the
0.32 conscious level, you really believe that you are here to learn knowledge in the knowledge area.
0.32 Simply put, you have deceived yourself and you still don&;t know that you have deceived yourself.
0.32 Why should we? What about lying to yourself?
0.32 The fundamental reason is that you have more than one self.
0.32 Speaking of this, we will introduce
0.32 the famous tripartite model of personality proposed by Freud
0.32 , which is the id, ego and superego.
0.32 Let us first talk about this self.
0.32 According to our traditional understanding,
0.32 this self usually It is regarded as Descartes&; "I think".
0.32 Descartes said "I think, therefore I am."
0.32 Descartes believes that our first-person self-perception
0.32 of our inner thoughts
0.32 is direct, clear, and transparent. To
0.32 put it simply, it means that
0.32 I don’t know what I am thinking.
0.32 You really don’t know.
0.32 The content that I am consciously aware of is just the tip of the iceberg
0.32 , and these contents are processed and distorted.
0.32 This distortion is the interaction between two forces. The first kind of force involved
0.32 is the ego. The
0.32 ego is the most primitive human instincts we mentioned before,
0.32 including sexual instincts and aggressive instincts,
0.32 which are those very pornographic and violent things.
0.32 The ego is the most fundamental part of human actions. The driving force
0.32 is reflected in the impulse that people have at all times.
0.32 As I just said, when they see something delicious, they want to eat it. When
0.32 they see a pretty lady, they want to go up to her and their offspring
0.32 when they see a potential sexual competitor. These impulses to beat him to death
0.32 are,
0.32 in Freud&;s words,
0.32 "a boiling boiler.
0.32 It always seeks release
0.32 , but you won&;t really go up to the little sister when you see her." Reproduction
0.32 Why? Because there is another force involving the self,
0.32 which is the superego.
0.32 The superego is a set of moral education.
0.32 It encourages the self to establish a defense mechanism to fight against the self.
0.32 You must be a person who has escaped from vulgar taste.
0.32 Learn knowledge and don’t watch videos of young ladies.
0.32 The superego is built around an internalized image of your parents.
0.32 Every time you want to do something unhealthy,
0.32 you suddenly think about
0.32 what my parents would think of what I’m doing. What about this matter?
0.32 Suddenly you will think
0.32 how can I be this kind of person?
0.32 The entanglement between the id-ego-superego is also unconscious. So the ego
0.32 has established a set of defense mechanisms
0.32 under the influence of the superego to fight against the ego. The
0.32 ultimate consequence is that
0.32 your instinctive impulses are always suppressed.
0.32 In fact, Freud&;s theory of instinctive repression
0.32 is highly related to a person&;s childhood experience
0.32 , especially to the experience of repressed childhood sexual desire.
0.32 Of course Freud The childhood sexual desire mentioned here is divided into three stages
0.32 : the oral stage, the anal stage and the genital stage,
0.32 which develop continuously from birth to 6 years old.
0.32 The expression of sexual desire in the oral stage is to suck the mother&;s nipples , and then
0.32 there is the anal stage
0.32 . The expression of sexual desire is to like to urinate anytime and anywhere.
0.32 Finally, sexual desire will gradually transfer to the genitals,
0.32 from narcissism to love for others.
0.32 This means that
0.32 when you were just born, you were a baby.
0.32 This baby is completely led by the ego and is
0.32 completely free . You freely release your own instinctive impulses.
0.32 You can do whatever you want.
0.32 When you are hungry, ask your mother to feed you. If you want to excrete, you can excrete it anywhere.
0.32 But later, as you grow up, your
0.32 parents will not allow you to let yourself go so freely. You can use alcohol and drink
0.32 for example. You can no longer suck your mother&;s nipples all
0.32 the time. For example, you must defecate at a specified time and place.
0.32 In short, you have to follow the rules.
0.32 If you don&;t follow the rules, you will be punished by your parents.
0.32 For example, a little boy will I had a strong anxiety about being castrated by my father,
0.32 so I learned to behave.
0.32 We said before that
0.32 the superego is an internalized parental image
0.32 . Under the influence of this superego,
0.32 a self with a defense system was eventually established.
0.32 So the establishment of self is accompanied by the suppression of your instinct
0.32 . So what are the consequences of long-term suppression of instinct?
0.32 Of course, Freud listed a lot about this
0.32 : projection, fixation, sublimation, regression, reverse formation, etc.
0.32 Our program does not say it is so complicated.
0.32 In fact, the principle is very simple
0.32 , just like a boiling boiler.
0.32 If you always What are the consequences of holding it tight and not letting it release?
0.32 Either you can&;t hold it back and it bursts out
0.32 , or you can hold it back but it moves to another channel and is released.
0.32 This situation of being unable to hold it back is easy to understand.
0.32 It means that your true self just wants to watch young lady videos
0.32 , but your ego is there. Under the influence of the superego, I strained as hard as I could.
0.32 I came to the knowledge area to learn philosophy.
0.32 I wanted to watch philosophy videos. I wanted to watch philosophy videos,
0.32 but in the end I couldn’t hold back.
0.32 I kept watching the philosophy videos and
0.32 turned into videos about young ladies.
0.32 But even though I didn’t stretch, I kept straining. hold tight
0.32 But your superego will not disappear because of
0.32 this. Your defense mechanism will create a strong sense of regret for your self afterwards.
0.32 Oh, I obviously came to the knowledge area to study philosophy.
0.32 Why did I just watch the video of the young lady? Why
0.32 can&;t I control myself?
0.32 I&;m such a waste.
0.32 This feeling of regret afterwards is brought about by the superego.
0.32 This is a situation where I can&;t hold myself back.
0.32 What&;s the situation when I can hold back and then transfer?
0.32 For example, you know that smoking is harmful to your health
0.32 and the doctor has advised you not to smoke,
0.32 but you still can&;t control yourself and want to smoke.
0.32 Use a Freudian explanation to explain that
0.32 you can&;t control yourself and want to smoke. In fact, you did
0.32 this when you were a child. If you are not having a good time during your sexual period,
0.32 it would be like your father snatching your mother away.
0.32 Your instinct to suck your mother&;s nipples is suppressed.
0.32 This suppressed sexual desire in childhood will remain stuck deep in your heart
0.32 until you become an adult
0.32 . This repressed childhood desire for mother&;s nipples
0.32 is released in another way
0.32 , that is, the desire to suck cigarettes.
0.32 Of course, this repression and transfer is also carried out unconsciously.
0.32 You think you are addicted to cigarettes.
0.32 In fact, this is just to compensate your son. Of course, the underlying mechanism of the mother&;s love that is missing
0.32 is actually the same
0.32 whether it is released after being unable
0.32 to hold it or transferred after being held back,
0.32 that is, your instinct is suppressed
0.32 and you have to find ways to release it.
0.32 But this suppression-release process It&;s completely unconscious
0.32 , so when you finally make some kind of unconscious action to release it,
0.32 you
0.32 can&;t understand why you would do such a thing,
0.32 which makes you look like "I don&;t understand." This is what
0.32 we call separation of knowledge and action, inability to control ourselves.
0.32 One of the extreme conditions
0.32 is hysteria, or hysteria in translation,
0.32 where a certain part of the body is not damaged in a pathological and anatomical sense
0.32 but is functionally disordered or simply malfunctioning.
0.32 For example, for example, the left hand cannot be lifted for some reason
0.32 , or the eyes cannot see for some reason
0.32 , or the whole body is simply paralyzed and
0.32 rolling on the ground in twitching.
0.32 This kind of hysteria is an extreme form of
0.32 inability to control oneself. In
0.32 fact, in this sense, each of us is a hysteric patient
0.32 to a certain extent
0.32 , because each of us has suppressed instincts,
0.32 and we are all unconsciously releasing our suppressed instincts.
0.32 In this sense, each of us is a hysteric. Individuals are also unable to control themselves.
0.32 We all make some actions that we cannot understand logically
0.32 to release our suppressed instincts,
0.32 because in the end we don’t actually know ourselves.
0.32 Our most essential self
0.32 is unconscious.
0.32 It’s easy to finish. Lloyd&;s etiology diagnosis
0.32 Next, let&;s talk about the medicine he prescribed
0.32 . Since it is easy to explain things at the unconscious level,
0.32 due to the ego&;s defense mechanism,
0.32 it makes you look like "I don&;t understand" on your conscious level.
0.32 How to treat your inability to control your symptoms?
0.32 The reason is very simple.
0.32 It is to let your entanglements at the unconscious level
0.32 rise to the conscious level.
0.32 Once you understand your entanglements at the unconscious level at the conscious level,
0.32 your symptoms will be eliminated.
0.32 In fact, you still need to do a kind of "understanding". Your own work.
0.32 Of course, psychoanalysis is a clinical job.
0.32 We will only talk about the concept here.
0.32 As for the specific clinical operation of seeking medical treatment,
0.32 you have to spend your own money to lie on the sofa and talk to the analyst. Therapy
0.32 , then
0.32 the biggest enemy to let the entanglements at the unconscious level rise to the conscious level is the defense mechanism.
0.32 We said before that
0.32 the job of the defense mechanism is to prevent the contents of the unconscious level from rising to the conscious level. The
0.32 important task of psychoanalysis is
0.32 to break through the defense mechanism.
0.32 How do you break through
0.32 the blocking of your unconscious content ? The main method is verbal therapy
0.32 , which is treated through the conversation between the analyst and the patient.
0.32 This verbal therapy was pioneered by Freud.
0.32 The current psychological counseling industry has developed so much.
0.32 This is all because of the job given by the founder, Freud
0.32 . An important type of verbal therapy is called free association.
0.32 In a small, dark room,
0.32 you lie down on a sofa or a recliner and
0.32 the analyst sits behind you
0.32 . Then you just say whatever comes to your mind without any filtering
0.32 , just like you are a sitting person. Passengers at the window of a high-speed train
0.32 report whatever they see passing through the window.
0.32 The analyst wants to guide the
0.32 patient to
0.32 bypass the defense mechanism by encouraging the patient to report any passing thoughts without filtering. The crux hidden in the unconscious.
0.32 Later, when you talk about the door to your memory, the door
0.32 to your memory is gradually opened, and all the messy things you experienced in your childhood come to mind.
0.32 In the end, most of them will be related to the sexual repression in your childhood. Finally,
0.32 you find out
0.32 that for example, you So when you are reading and studying, you can&;t control yourself and watch short videos
0.32 because deep down in your heart you simply don&;t believe that you will become a learned person.
0.32 You are subconsciously making excuses for your failure.
0.32 The fundamental problem lies in
0.32 For example, when you asked your mother something in childhood,
0.32 she always refused to tell you and always ignored you.
0.32 When you realized the fundamental crux, you burst into tears, and
0.32 the symptoms of watching short videos while studying and studying
0.32 disappeared immediately
0.32 . Of course, I What I say here is very light.
0.32 The concept of psychoanalysis is very simple,
0.32 but it is an actual clinical work,
0.32 because this defense mechanism is difficult to bypass.
0.32 The effect of the three consecutive denials on your ego level is very powerful,
0.32 and this psychoanalysis it It’s not that
0.32 the analyst has rich clinical experience.
0.32 He can see the crux of the patient’s problem at a glance through the conversation with the patient.
0.32 Then he directly tells the patient the crux and the medicine will cure the disease. In addition to
0.32 telling the patient, but it doesn’t work,
0.32 it can only make the patient improve in knowledge. , Knowing this crux theoretically
0.32 does not eliminate the disease. This is still a situation of knowing but not acting.
0.32 To truly eliminate the disease,
0.32 the patient must have a real understanding of his unconscious content
0.32 and let the patient himself follow the conversation. Being able to experience the crux of the problem yourself
0.32 , so you usually end up crying.
0.32 This is when the patient truly feels the crux of the problem in his unconscious.
0.32 This is a true understanding of the unconscious content
0.32 , so the analyst tells the patient directly. It doesn&;t work
0.32 but needs to guide the patient to perceive the contents of his unconscious through talking.
0.32 Therefore, psychoanalysis
0.32 is an art
0.32 . Of course, the interpretation of dreams and the interpretation of slips of the tongue
0.32 are all psychoanalytic treatment methods
0.32 , because people are defensive in their sleep. The effectiveness of the mechanism is not that strong
0.32 , so it will not distort the content of your unconsciousness so seriously,
0.32 so it can leave some clues for you to explore the unconsciousness.
0.32 Of course, there are some specific operations that I will not go into,
0.32 including what other patients are interested in the analysis. The teacher&;s transference
0.32 sometimes treats the analyst as his father and sometimes his mother.
0.32 Then the handling of the patient&;s transference to the analyst itself
0.32 is the psychoanalytic treatment of the patient.
0.32 In short, the main task of psychoanalysis It is through talking
0.32 that the patient can be guided to bypass the defense mechanism
0.32 and be consciously aware of the various entanglements in his unconsciousness,
0.32 thereby alleviating the hysteria of
0.32 being unable to control himself. This is Freud&;s prescription for the inability to control himself.
0.32 After introducing Freud, Diagnosis and Prescription
0.32 Next, we enter
0.32 the meeting of expert consultation on the problem of inability to control. Summary of
0.32 this episode of the Big Questions program. We have discussed
0.32 five diagnoses of the problem of inability to control and the corresponding solutions. Let’s
0.32 briefly summarize
0.32 Socrates’ views on the problem of inability to control. The key word for etiological diagnosis is
0.32 lack of knowledge, which is ignorance.
0.32 The so-called "you know clearly but can&;t do it
0.32 " only means that you don&;t really
0.32 know. Knowing but not being able to do it is just unknown.
0.32 As long as you truly know, you will definitely be able to do it
0.32 . Based on this diagnosis,
0.32 the key word of Socrates&; prescription is
0.32 to learn knowledge.
0.32 When you truly know this knowledge and
0.32 practice this knowledge, it is good
0.32 and will bring you happiness.
0.32 Therefore, there will be no problem of being unable to control
0.32 yourself. The key word in Plato&;s diagnosis of being unable to control yourself is
0.32 desire to
0.32 dominate. The so-called knowing but not acting is because the reason in your soul is obscured by desire.
0.32 Therefore, the key word in Plato&;s prescription is
0.32 to become . Philosopher,
0.32 you need to cultivate your soul structure into
0.32 a philosopher-like soul structure in which reason dominates blood and desire, so
0.32 that you have a love for reason,
0.32 so that you can achieve harmony between reason and desire and
0.32 realize the unity of knowledge and action
0.32 . Aristotle The key word for diagnosing the inability to self-control is
0.32 knowledge dormancy
0.32 . This is because your desire has robbed the major premise of your practical syllogism
0.32 and thus robbed the memory
0.32 . Your knowledge has not been used and
0.32 is in a dormant state
0.32 . So how can you make it easy for knowledge to be used? ?
0.32 The key word in Aristotle&;s prescription is
0.32 to cultivate habits
0.32 . You need to keep doing things to internalize knowledge into a stable quality and habit.
0.32 In this way, the use of knowledge will be as smooth and easy as calling shortcuts.
0.32 In modern times,
0.32 Hume The key word for the diagnosis of the cause of inability to control is
0.32 emotional conflict
0.32 . The so-called inability to control is not a struggle between reason and emotion.
0.32 Reason is just a slave of emotion.
0.32 Inability to control is a struggle between emotion and emotion
0.32 , and it is a kind of current emotional desire that overcomes Caused by long-term emotional desires
0.32 , the key word in Hume&;s prescription is
0.32 to act with emotion. This is
0.32 different from the ethical rationalists who
0.32 advocate emotionalism. Hume&;s treatment plan for those who cannot control themselves is not to use reason
0.32 but to act with emotion. It
0.32 must be based on psychology. Learn the three principles to cultivate our long-term desires
0.32 so that they can overcome the short-term desires of the moment.
0.32 The key word for Freud&;s diagnosis of inability to control is
0.32 instinctive suppression.
0.32 Our unconscious id
0.32 is suppressed by the defense mechanism in the self
0.32 under the influence of the superego. The ego always seeks release
0.32 , and this process of release is also unconscious.
0.32 Therefore, we will always make release actions that our conscious awareness cannot understand.
0.32 This results in the separation of knowledge and action,
0.32 which is why Freud prescribed the medicine. The key word is psychoanalysis.
0.32 Psychoanalysis is to allow the repression and entanglements in our unconscious
0.32 to rise to the level of consciousness and be consciously understood by us.
0.32 This way we can alleviate the symptoms that cannot be controlled.
0.32 This program introduces these five diagnoses and corresponding prescriptions
0.32 for you. Which one do you think is more relevant to our real living situation
0.32 ?
0.32 Or can you provide what you think is a better diagnosis and solution?
0.32 Of course, the time of this program
0.32 is limited, so we do not specifically include the diagnoses and solutions of Chinese philosophers.
0.32 So in the context of Western philosophy,
0.32 one clue of this program is the dispute between ancient and modern times.
0.32 One of the focus of this debate is knowledge and rationality,
0.32 which is what we are doing. Does theoretical knowledge
0.32 have any or how much guiding role it has
0.32 in our practical activities, that is, in our conduct
0.32 ? And how should we treat ourselves?
0.32 How should we handle ourselves?
0.32 Do you see yourself as a rational dialogue partner
0.32 or as a little monkey?
0.32 You are welcome to participate in the discussion of this big issue with philosophers. They
0.32 have finished expressing their opinions.
0.32 Now it is your turn to speak
0.32 . Please Cast your vote
0.32 and express
0.32 your opinion in the comment area below the video
.